Organic substances environment

Guibal E., Milot C. and Tobin J. M., Metal-anion sorption by chitosan beads equilibrium and kinetic studies, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37 (1998) pp. 1454-1463. G rente C., Andres Y. and Le Cloirec P., Uranium removal onto chitosan competition with organic substances. Environ. Technol., 20 (1999) pp. 515-521. Volesky B., Advances in biosorption of metals selection of biomass types. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 14 (1994) pp. 291-302. 

P. Pitter and J. Chudoba, Biodegradability of Organic Substances in the Aquatic Environment, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ela., 1990. 

Atmosphere—Water Interaction. Although water is a very minor component of the atmosphere, less than 10 vol % of the atmosphere consisting of water, many important reactions occur ki the water droplets of cloud, fog, and rain. The atmosphere is an oxic environment ki its water phase, gigantic quantities of reductants, such as organic substances, Fe(II), SO2, CH SCH (dimethyl sulfide), and nitrogen oxides, are oxidized by oxidants such as oxygen, OH radicals, H2O2, and Fe(III). 

Intensive application of pesticides and polymers in agriculture and industry cause the increase of number of toxic organic substances, which circulate in an environment, and constantly complicates their disclosure, identification and quantitative detection. 

Cripe CR, Walker WW, Pritchard PH, et al. 1987. A shake-flask test for estimation of biodegradability of toxic organic substances in the aquatic environment. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 14 239-251. 

Chodola GR, Biswas N, Bewtra JK, et al. 1989. Fate of selected volatile organic substances in aqueous environment. Wat Pull Res J Can 24 119-142. 

From the applied point of view, this reaction can be used to solve some important issues (1) production of organic subproducts (e.g., methanol, carbon monoxide, oxalic acid), which can be used for synthesizing many valuable organic substances (2) manufacture of synthetic fuels or energy-storage media and (3) removal and utilization of carbon dioxide in life-support systems for closed environments of spacecraft or submarines. 

Schnoor, J.L. Rao, N. Cartwright, K.J. Noll, R.M. Ruiz-Calzada, C.E. Verification of a Toxic Organic Substance Transport and Bioaccumulation Model" EPA-600/3-83-007, U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Environ. Research Lab. Athens, Georgia, 1983 p. 164. 

Araki S, Aono H, Yokoyama K, et al. 1986. Filterable plasma concentration, glomerular fdtration, tubular reabsorption and renal clearance of heavy metals and organic substances in metal workers. Arch Environ Health 41 216-221. 

Semeena VS, Lammel G (2005) Significance of the grasshopper effect on the atmospheric distribution of persistent organic substances. Geophysical Research Letters 32 Senthilkumar K, Ohi E, Sajwan K, Takasuga T, Kannan K (2007) Perfluorinated compounds in river water, river sediment, market fish, and wildlife samples from japan. Bull of Environ Contain Toxicol 79 427 131... 

Billington, J.W., Huang, G.L., Szeto, F., Shiu, W.Y., Mackay, D. (1988) Preparation of sparingly soluble organic substances I. Single component systems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7, 117-124. 

Silver II An electrolytic oxidation process for destroying traces of organic substances in water. The oxidizing agent is the silver ion in a nitric acid environment. Developed by AEA Technology, Oxford, and used for destroying war gases. 

Workers at the Water Research Centre, UK [52], have drawn up a list of organic substances present in the environment from data contributed by laboratories participating in the COST Project 64b Micropollutants , and from the literature, mainly from 1960 onwards. Where possible, the concentration of each substance is given, the contributing laboratory, type of sample, sampling date, method of analysis, and references. 

Pitter P, Chudoba J (1990) Biodegradability of organic substances in the aquatic environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida... 

Yasuhara A, Shiraishi H, Tsuji M, et al. 1981. Analysis of organic substance in highly polluted river water by mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 15 570-573. 

Murphy, E.M., Zachara, J.M., and Smith, S.C. Influence of mineral-bound humic substances on the sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds. Environ. Scl Technol, 24(10) 1507-1516, 1990. 

Mingelgrin U, Gerstl Z (1993) A unified approach to the interactions or small molecules with macrospecies In Beck AJ, Jones KC, Hayes MHB, Mingelgrin U (eds) Organic substances in soil and water. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 102-128 Mordaunt CJ, Gevao B, Jones KC, Semple KT (2005) Formation of non-extractable pesticide residues Observations on compound differences, measurement and regulatory issues. Environ Pollution 133 25-34... 

Carlson-Ekvall, C.E.A. Morisson, G.M. Toxicity of copper in the presence of organic substances in sewage sludge. Environ. Technol. 1995, 16, 243-251. 

The most desirable choice, of course, would be water, since it has essentially no harmful effects on humans or the environment. The problem is that most organic substances do not dissolve in water. One of the most exciting alternatives with promise for use in organic syntheses, however, is another widely available and environmentally benign compound, carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide used in organic reactions exists in a phase not generally familiar to most people, the supercritical phase. 

Karasek FW. 1981. Trace analysis of toxic organic substances in the environment. Proc 8th Int Microchem Symp, Nat, Aim Methods Microchem,... 

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