Organic solvents aliphatic hydrocarbons

Often, carriers are low-viscosity organic solvents. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are most commonly used as carriers. The carrier itself may also exhibit... 

Phenol has a low melting point, it crystallizes in colourless prisms and has a characteristic, slightly pungent odor. In the molten state, it is a clear, colourless, mobile liquid. In the temperature range T < 68.4 °C, its miscibility with water is limited above this temperature it is completely miscible. The melting and sohdification points of phenol are quite substantially lowered by water. A mixture of phenol and ca 10% water is called phenolum liquefactum, because it is actually a liquid at room temperature. Phenol is readily soluble in most organic solvents (aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, ethers, acids, halo-genated hydrocarbons etc.) and somewhat less soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons. Phenol forms azeotropic mixtures with water and other substances. 

The two-component organometallic catalyst MeTiClj—MeAlCU [90,91 [, which is distinct from other Ti-Al systems, shows the following order of activity for the dimerization of ethylene in organic solvents chlorinated hydrocarbons > aromatic hydrocarbons > aliphatic hydrocarbons. It exists as the following struc-mral formulas ... 

A further difficulty arises during preparative electrolyses in aprotic solvents because of the bulk pH change which commonly occurs. Thus cathodic reductions often require proton abstraction from the solvent in order to yield stable products, while many anodic oxidations, mcluding those of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, give rise to a quantitative yield of proton and the consequent changes in the pH. of the electrolysis media would be expected to lead to a variation in the products with the duration of the electrolysis. Unfortunately, the pH can be a very difficult parameter to control in aprotic solvents and most work reported in the literature has been carried out in unbuffered conditions. In the case of oxidations, organic bases, e.g. pyridine, have... 

Oxime carbamates have high polarity and solubility in water and are relatively chemically and thermally unstable. They are relatively stable in weakly acidic to neutral media (pH 4-6) but unstable in strongly acidic and basic media. Rapid hydrolysis occurs in strongly basic aqueous solutions (pH > 9) to form the parent oxime/alcohol and methylamine, which is enhanced at elevated temperature. Additionally, oxime carbamates are, generally, stable in most organic solvents and readily soluble in acetone, methanol, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate, with the exception of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, most oxime carbamates contain an active -alkyl (methyl) moiety that can be easily oxidized to form the corresponding sulfoxide or sulfone metabolites. 

The range of inclusion adducts formed by the organophosphazenes is very broad, the guest species varying from aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons to ethers, ketones and alcohols42. Some of the hosts [e.g., tris(o-phenylenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazene 12)] form clathrates not only when recrystallized from organic solvents but also... 

P.Y.l prints are comparatively sensitive to most common organic solvents, such as esters, ketones, and aromatic hydrocarbons, but completely fast to alcohols and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The prints are also resistant to soap, alkali, and acid. 

P.Y.154, which was introduced in the mid-seventies, affords a somewhat greenish yellow shade of very high lightfastness and weatherfastness. Its shade is distinctly redder than that of P.Y.175 and noticeably redder than that of P.Y.151, both of which are also members of the benzimidazolone series. P.Y.154 is completely or at least almost completely resistant to the major organic solvents. The list includes alcohols, esters, such as butylacetate, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as mineral spirits or xylene, and dibutyl phthalate. 

P.R.242 affords a yellowish red shade, referred to as scarlet. It exhibits good to excellent resistance to organic solvents, such as alcohols, esters, ketones, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The pigment is more soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons. P.R.242, like other members of its class, is fast to alkali and acid. 

P.V.23, also referred to as Carbazole Violet, is a universally useful product. Its color, a bluish violet shade, is not accessible with other Pigments. P.V.23 is used in almost all media which are typically colored with pigments. The list of suitable systems ranges from coatings and paints to plastics, printing inks, and other special-purpose media. P.V.23 is entirely fast to many organic solvents. At standardized conditions (Sec. 1.6.2.1), it is fast to alcohols, esters, and aliphatic hydrocarbons as well as to plasticizers such as dibutyl and dioctyl phthalate. Other solvents, such as ketones, are colored slightly (step 4). 

PVDFs are not sensitive to most strong mineral and organic acids, oxidizing agents, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, some halogenated solvents, alcohols, bromine, metal salt solutions, or weak bases. 

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