Organic solvent polymers solution

Harrington, MG Lee, KH Bailey, JE Hood, LE, Sponge-Like Electrophoresis Media Mechanically Strong Materials Compatible with Organic Solvents, Polymer Solutions and Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis, Electrophoresis 15, 187, 1994. 

Traditionally the inks were based on organic solvents, comprising solutions of binder resins such as vinyl chloride polymers, vinyl chloride-acetate copolymers and acrylics in toluene/methyl ethyl ketone or ethanol/ethyl acetate— pigments, flattening agents, waxes, and other substances being added as required to enhance performance. More recently, because of the desire to... 

Hair after treatment with TGA cumene hydroperoxide using methyl methacrylate monomer was hydrolyzed with 5N hydrochloric acid to dissolve away the keratin from the polymer, and part of the resultant fiberlike residue was dissolved in organic solvents. The solute (in the organic solvents) was shown to be polymethyl methacrylate by refractive index and infrared spectroscopy [87]. 

Jo et al prepared and characterised Gel polymer electrolytes composed of methy methacrylete-styrene copolymers (PMS) and electrolyte solution (LiT-FSI in EC/DMQ. Depending on the molar composition of the copolymer, these gel polymer electrolytes exhibited different electrochemical and mechanical properties. In order to investigate the physical interactions among organic solvents, polymer, and lithium ions occurred in the gel polymer electrolyte, Raman spectroscopy and solid state Li NMR spin-spin relaxation measurements were performed. 

The peripherally substituted polymers could also be characterized by their solubility in common organic solvents. In solution the polymer structure of the compounds is destroyed and they are converted into monomers. This is the reason no H NMR spectrum was obtained in CDCI3 because of the paramagnetism of the... 

Dispersing the layered silicate in a solution of the polymer in an organic solvent, followed by either solvent evaporation or polymer precipitation. The limitations of this method are shown by the large amounts of organic solvents, polymer solubility and poor filler dispersion. ... 

Bare W, Nordmeier E (1996) Studies of polyelectrolyte solutions VI. Effects of counterion binding by dextran sulfate and dextran phosphate in aqueous/organic solvents. Polym J 28 712 726... 

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are molecular layers tliat fonn spontaneously upon adsorjDtion by immersing a substrate into a dilute solution of tire surface-active material in an organic solvent [115]. This is probably tire most comprehensive definition and includes compounds tliat adsorb spontaneously but are neither specifically bonded to tire substrate nor have intennolecular interactions which force tire molecules to organize tliemselves in tire sense tliat a defined orientation is adopted. Some polymers, for example, belong to tliis class. They might be attached to tire substrate via weak van der Waals interactions only. 

As with polyesters, the amidation reaction of acid chlorides may be carried out in solution because of the enhanced reactivity of acid chlorides compared with carboxylic acids. A technique known as interfacial polymerization has been employed for the formation of polyamides and other step-growth polymers, including polyesters, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates. In this method the polymerization is carried out at the interface between two immiscible solutions, one of which contains one of the dissolved reactants, while the second monomer is dissolved in the other. Figure 5.7 shows a polyamide film forming at the interface between an aqueous solution of a diamine layered on a solution of a diacid chloride in an organic solvent. In this form interfacial polymerization is part of the standard repertoire of chemical demonstrations. It is sometimes called the nylon rope trick because of the filament of nylon produced by withdrawing the collapsed film. 

Dimethylformamide [68-12-2] (DME) and dimethyl sulfoxide [67-68-5] (DMSO) are the most commonly used commercial organic solvents, although polymerizations ia y-butyrolactoae, ethyleae carboaate, and dimethyl acetamide [127-19-5] (DMAC) are reported ia the hterature. Examples of suitable inorganic salts are aqueous solutioas of ziac chloride and aqueous sodium thiocyanate solutions. The homogeneous solution polymerization of acrylonitrile foUows the conventional kinetic scheme developed for vinyl monomers (12) (see Polymers). 

Many ceUulosic derivatives form anisotropic, ie, Hquid crystalline, solutions, and cellulose acetate and triacetate are no exception. Various cellulose acetate anisotropic solutions have been made using a variety of solvents (56,57). The nature of the polymer—solvent interaction determines the concentration at which hquid crystalline behavior is initiated. The better the interaction, the lower the concentration needed to form the anisotropic, birefringent polymer solution. Strong organic acids, eg, trifluoroacetic acid are most effective and can produce an anisotropic phase with concentrations as low as 28% (58). Trifluoroacetic acid has been studied with cellulose triacetate alone or in combination with other solvents (59—64) concentrations of 30—42% (wt vol) triacetate were common. 

Solution polymerization of VDE in fluorinated and fluorochlorinated hydrocarbons such as CEC-113 and initiated with organic peroxides (99), especially bis(perfluoropropionyl) peroxide (100), has been claimed. Radiation-induced polymerization of VDE has also been investigated (101,102). Alkylboron compounds activated by oxygen initiate VDE polymerization in water or organic solvents (103,104). Microwave-stimulated, low pressure plasma polymerization of VDE gives polymer film that is <10 pm thick (105). Highly regular PVDE polymer with minimized defect stmcture was synthesized and claimed (106). Perdeuterated PVDE has also been prepared and described (107). 

Phase Separation. Microporous polymer systems consisting of essentially spherical, intercoimected voids, with a narrow range of pore and ceU-size distribution have been produced from a variety of thermoplastic resins by the phase-separation technique (127). If a polyolefin or polystyrene is insoluble in a solvent at low temperature but soluble at high temperatures, the solvent can be used to prepare a microporous polymer. When the solutions, containing 10—70% polymer, are cooled to ambient temperatures, the polymer separates as a second phase. The remaining nonsolvent can then be extracted from the solid material with common organic solvents. These microporous polymers may be useful in microfiltrations or as controlled-release carriers for a variety of chemicals. 

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