Microwave stimulation

Solution polymerization of VDE in fluorinated and fluorochlorinated hydrocarbons such as CEC-113 and initiated with organic peroxides (99), especially bis(perfluoropropionyl) peroxide (100), has been claimed. Radiation-induced polymerization of VDE has also been investigated (101,102). Alkylboron compounds activated by oxygen initiate VDE polymerization in water or organic solvents (103,104). Microwave-stimulated, low pressure plasma polymerization of VDE gives polymer film that is <10 pm thick (105). Highly regular PVDE polymer with minimized defect stmcture was synthesized and claimed (106). Perdeuterated PVDE has also been prepared and described (107). 

Similarly, Bond et al. [4] confirmed that the microwave stimulation of methane transformation reactions in the presence of a number of rare earth basic oxides to form C2 hydrocarbons (ethene, ethane) was achieved at a lower temperature and with the increased selectivity. Microwave irradiation resulted in an increase of the ethene/ethane ratio, which was desirable. The results obtained were explained by the formation of hot spots (Sect. 10.3.3) of higher temperature than the bulk catalyst. This means that methane is activated at these hot spots. 

Microwave stimulation Recent work has shown that IGSS labeling procedures can be performed more rapidly using microwave stimulation (34)... 

Jackson, P., Lalani, E. N, and Boutsen, J (1988) Microwave stimulated lmmuno-gold-silver staining. Histochem. J 20, 353-358. 

Boon, M. E., Barlow, Y., Marres, E. M., and Milios, J. 1998. Microwave-stimulated lones-Marres method for staining fungi in brain tissue of immunocompromised patients. Methods Enzymol. 75 123-131. 

Evers, P., and Uylings, H. B. M. 1994a. Microwave stimulated antigen retrieval is pH and temperature dependent. 7. Histochem. Cytochem. 42 1555-1563. 

Horobin, R. W., and Boon, M. E. 1988. Understanding microwave-stimulated Romanowsky-Giemsa staining of plastic embedded bone marrow. Histochem. J. 20 329-334. 

Leong, A. S.-Y., and Gilham, P. 1989a. A rapid, microwave-stimulated method of staining melanocytic lesions. Stain Technol. <54 81-85. 

Ruijgrok, J. M., de Wijn, J. R., and Boon, M. E. 1993. A model to determine microwave-stimulated cross-linking of collagen using diluted glutaraldehyde solutions. Scanning 75 110-114. 

Sormunen, R., and Leong, A. S.-Y. 1998. Microwave-stimulated antigen retrieval for immunohistol-ogy and immunoelectron microscopy of resin-embedded sections. Appl. Immunohistochem. 6 234-237. 

Hydroxyl terminated telomers of VDF are prepared in methanol using tert-butyl peroxide as the initiator. Less than 10 mm thick film has been produce using microwave-stimulated, low-pressure plasma polymerization of VDF. An isoregic PVDF polymer with minimized head-to-head placement has been synthesized and reported. Properties and synthesis of perdeuter-ated PVDF have also been pointed out. ... 

Operation (partly) in vacuum. Reactive gases (oxygen, hydrogen, fluorine), which are transferred into an energy-rich state (plasma)by microwave stimulation with the possibility of chemical surface modification, are fed into the plasma chamber with the adherends to be pretreated. 

Our first results of the device promise a very efficient and simple mass spectrometer device Further improvements are expected if an RF or microwave stimulated plasma (ECR condition) is used It would allow to reduce the pressure in the plasma chamber and hence an increase of the mean free path in the separator The more extended separator length, then available, will positively influence the resolution of the mass spectrometer... 

The acylation of anisole with decanoic acid on Ce-containing zeoUte catalysts under conventional heating and microwave stimulation [180] exhibited increased reaction rates due to microwave enhancement, presumably related to selective desorption of water (by-product) from the catalyst. 

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