Organic semiconductor, applications

PPEs and PAEs have come a long way from the first synthesis in 1990 to sophisticated sensory and photonic materials PAEs and PPEs are very different from PPVs—despite their obviously close structural relation. PPEs are oxidatively more stable than PPVs, which makes them less suitable for some organic semiconductor applications, but PPEs, high fluorescence coupled with their great environmental stability makes them attractive as parts for sensors that detect biogenic and toxigenic materials, transition and alkali metal ions, and vapors exuding from land mines. 

Dailey S, Feast WJ, Peace RJ, Sage IC, Till S, Wood EL (2(K)1) Synthesis and device characterisation of side-chain polymer electron transport materials for organic semiconductor applications. J Mater Chem ll(9) 2238-2243. doi 10.1039/B104674H Damshoder RE, Peterson WD (1940) 1,2,3-Benzotriazole. Org Synth 20 16-18. doi 10.15227/ orgsyn.020.0016... 

There are hundreds of semiconductor materials, but silicon alone accounts for tire overwhelming majority of tire applications world-wide today. The families of semiconductor materials include tetraliedrally coordinated and mostly covalent solids such as group IV elemental semiconductors and III-V, II-VI and I-VII compounds, and tlieir ternary and quaternary alloys, as well as more exotic materials such as tire adamantine, non-adamantine and organic semiconductors. Only tire key features of some of tliese materials will be mentioned here. For a more complete description, tire reader is referred to specialized publications [6, 7, 8 and 9]. 

Many CVD reactions are being investigated for the deposition of carbides and nitrides, particularly for titanium nitride for semiconductor applications, such as diffusion barrier. The following is a summary of the metallo-organic precursors and deposition condition presently used in development or production of these materials. 

As a class of n-type organic semiconductors, PBI derivatives have received considerable attention for a variety of applications [312, 313], for example, for organic or polymer light-emitting diodes (OLEDs and PLEDs) [314, 315], thin-film organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) [316, 317], solar cells [318, 319], and liquid crystals [320]. They are also interesting candidates for single-molecule device applications, such as sensors [321], molecular wires [322], or transistors [141]. 

As mentioned in this review, AMPLEDs are especially attractive for motion picture applications. The Pay-Per-View effect in OLED displays reduces power consumption and extends operation lifetime. Motion picture applications also minimize image retention and optimize display homogeneity. AMOLED has been widely viewed as a promising display technology in competing with AMLCD and plasma displays. The dream of using organic semiconductor films for optoelectronic device applications has become a reality. 

Photosensitive reactions, chromium application, 6 560-561 Photosensitization, 9 385 of singlet oxygen, 26 804 Photosensitizers, 14 300 23 374-375 diazonaphthoquinone, 15 161-163 Photostability of Al-halamines, 13 100-101 of organic semiconductors, 22 210 Photostimulated drug delivery systems, 9 61, 81... 

Figure 1.12 illustrates these definitions. From the application and scientific points of view it is clear that knowledge of the electronic band diagram of organic semiconductors, and of any MOM in general, is mandatory. 

Attempts to dope organic semiconductors have been made very early in the field, motivated by the prospect of possibly reaching metallic conductivities [108, 109]. These synthetic metals, however, have not been realized. While p-type doping could be obtained, for example, with iodine gases for poly-p-phenylene vinylene (PPV) derivatives, and n-type doping was demonstrated with sodium for a cyano-derivative of PPV, the doping levels obtained were not stable with time. The dopant molecules readily diffused into the organic semiconductor, yet also out of it. Due to the lack of stability, these approaches were not suitable for commercial applications. 

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