Organic ozone chemistry

The areas of current interest in organic ozone chemistry fall roughly into five broad categories. The first might be called the classical use of ozone—i.e., either as a synthetic tool to convert unsaturation into carbonyl functions or as a valuable reagent for locating double bonds in structure determinations. Both techniques are still used widely by chemists, and reports of such work probably account for more than one-half of all the papers in this field. This use of ozone has by-products for the chemist who is more interested in mechanism—i.e., products are obtained occa-... 

In summaiy, organic ozone chemistry is an active research area and will continue to see new developments both from theoretical and industrial viewpoints. In particular, we shall likely see the relationship between ozone chemistry, autoxidation, photo-oxidation, and singlet oxygen chemistry more clearly defined, with a noteworthy contribution being made at this symposium. 

Since the literature on ozone chemistry is enormous, readers are directed to earlier publications (47-49). Most of the chemical literature describes reactions of ozone in organic solvents, where ozonides are relatively stable and controlled degradation under reducing or oxidizing... 

Formaldehyde is emitted from sources and also is an oxidation product of hydrocarbons. It is an essential component of tropospheric chemistry. Thus the chemistry of formaldehyde is common to virtually all mechanisms of tropospheric chemistry. This section therefore serves both as a continuation of our discussion of ozone chemistry as well as an introduction to the chemistry of organic compounds. 

Halogenated organic substances are a potential risk to the stratospheric ozone, provided their residence times in the atmosphere are long enough for them to reach the stratosphere. The impact on the ozone chemistry increases with atomic number, i.e., bromine is more aggressive than chlorine. The atmospheric residence times of the most stable compounds are of the order of a hundred years, while others break down within a few days. Residence times are longer in seawater, except in anoxic waters Ballister and Lee, 1995 Tanhua et al., 1996). 

Addition compounds called ozonides are produced when alkenes react with ozone and reductive cleavage of these compounds is used extensively in preparative and diagnostic organic chemistry. 

The rate of aqueous ozonation reactions is affected by various factors such as the pH, temperature, and concentration of ozone, substrate, and radical scavengers. Kinetic measurements have been carried out in dilute aqueous solution on a large number of organic compounds from different classes (56,57). Some of the chemistry discussed in the foUowing sections occurs more readily at high ozone and high substrate concentrations. 

P. S. Bailey, Ozonation in Organic Chemistry, Vol. 1, Olefinic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1978, 272 pp. Vol. 2, Nonolefinic Compounds, 1982, 496 pp. S. D. Razumovski and G. E. Zaikov, Ozone and Its Reactions with Organic Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984, 404 pp. 

Oxidation-reduction reactions in water are dominated by the biological processes of photosynthesis and organic matter oxidation. A very different set of oxidation reactions occurs within the gas phase of the atmosphere, often a consequence of photochemical production and destruction of ozone (O3). While such reactions are of great importance to chemistry of the atmosphere - e.g., they limit the lifetime in the atmosphere of species like CO and CH4 - the global amount of these reactions is trivial compared to the global O2 production and consumption by photosynthesis and respiration. 

P.S. Bailey, Ozonation in Organic Chemistry, Volume 39.1, Academic Press, New York, 1978, 3. 

Bailey, P.S., "Ozonization in Organic Chemistry", Vol.1-2, Academic Press, New York, 1982. 

It is now important for us to explain the nature of systems of many compartments and chemicals. Why should systems evolve not only new chemistry but do it in many compartments rather than in a simple single compartment The question applies equally to the manner in which industrial plants or organisms develop. Any compartment is, of course, based upon a division of space, either by physical boundaries or by fields (Table 3.7 see also Tables 3.2 and 3.4). We saw that abiotic cycles of water (clouds) and oxygen (ozone layer) formed in compartments containing droplets or ozone, respectively. Here each system has one component, controlling fields, with no physical barriers or information transfer. 

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