Organic liquids 2-propanol

Comparing equations 13.8 and 13.9, it is seen that the adiabatic saturation temperature i > equal to the wet-bulb temperature when s = h/hDpA. This is the case for most water vapour systems and accurately so when Jf = 0.047. The ratio (h/hopAs) = b is sometimes known as the psychrometric ratio and, as indicated, b is approximately unity for the air-water system. For most systems involving air and an organic liquid, b = 1.3 - 2.5 and the wet-bulb temperature is higher than the adiabatic saturation temperature. This was confirmed in 1932 by SHERWOOD and COMINGS 2 who worked with water, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, and n-propyl acetate, and found that the wet-bulb temperature was always higher than the adiabatic saturation temperature except in the case of water. 

Homogeneous mixtures of concentrated peroxide with alcohols or other peroxide-miscible organic liquids are capable of detonation by shock or heat [1]. Furfuryl alcohol ignites in contact with 85% peroxide within 1 s [2], Detonability limits of mixtures with 2-propanol have been measured. Approximately stoichiometric combinations of 50% hydrogen peroxide and the alcohol could be made to detonate, as could a wider range of mixtures with higher test peroxide [3],... 

Separation of ethylene, benzene, propanol, olefin, aromatic amines from organic liquid mixtures, of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and phenol from wastewater, were investigated by the authors (Table 13.9), using rotating film module,... 

Alumina and titania in different solvents were studied in [822]. MgO and ZnO in seven organic liquids were studied in [1686]. Silica in a series of nonaqueous solvents and in acetonitrile-water and methanol-water mixtures was studied in [3139,3140]. Only positive potentials are reported, probably by mistake. Silica in decane was studied in [3141]. ZnO in absolute methanol, ethanol, and propanol was studied in [3142]. Montmorillonite in 2-propanol was studied in [3143]. Silicon in a 99% l-butanol-1% water mixture was studied in [3145]. In [3146], 11 solids (oxides and inorganic salts) in 9 solvents were studied. 

Another possibility for reducing supersaturation levels, and hence nucleation rates, is to use an air-diluted precipitant. This is quite easy to arrange if the precipitant is a volatile organic liquid. A practical example of this technique is the foam column described by Halasz and Mullin (1987) which was used for the controlled precipitation of potash alum crystals from aqueous solution using air saturated with 2-propanol Figure 8.11). 

The major appHcations of PV include the removal of small amounts of water from organic solutions (e.g., drying of iso-propanol/water, butanol/water and ethanol/water azeotropes to produce a relatively pure organic chemical), drying of organic liquids by... 

Methanol, ethanol and propanol are miscible with water. The alcohols are miscible in all proportions with most organic liquids. As we pass up the series, the specific gravity increases. 

Two studies have been concerned with catalytic reaction on porous catalysts. Mitchell and co-workers used FFC relaxometry to probe the slow dynamics of liquid molecules imbibed in the Pd/A Oj catalyst. The dispersion curves showed a different behaviour for water on the one hand and organic liquids (2-butanone, 2-propanol) on the other hand. D Agostino et reported a study of aerobic oxidation of 1,3-... 

Adrian et al. (2000) have reported a novel high-pressure liquid-liquid extraction process with reference to processing in biotechnology the example of cardiac glycosides (digitoxin and digoxin) is cited. A completely miscible, binary system of water and a hydrophobic organic solvent like ethanol can split into two liquid phases when a near-critical gas (e.g. CO2) is added. The near-critical C02/water/l-propanol system is reported, for which possibilities for industrial exploitation exist. 

Dimethyl-2-oxazoline is commercially available from Columbia Organic Chemicals, 912 Drake Street, Columbia, South Carolina, or may be prepared as follows. In a 250-ml., three-necked flask is placed 89.14 g. (1.0 mole) of 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol, and the flask is cooled in an ice bath. The amine is carefully neutralized with 52.3 g. (1.0 mole) of 90.6% formic acid over a 1-hour period. A magnetic stirring bar is added, the flask is fitted with a short path distillation head, and the reaction mixture is placed in a silicon oil bath which is rapidly heated to 220-250°. The azeotropic mixture of water and oxazoline distills over a period of 2-4 hours and is collected in an ioe-cooled flask containing ether. The aqueous layer is separated, saturated with sodium chloride, and extracted with three 50-ml. portions of ether. The combined ethereal extracts are dried over potassium carbonate, filtered to remove the drying agent, and the ether is removed at 35-40° at atmospheric pressure. The 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline is collected as the temperature rises above 85°. The yield is 56.7-62.7 g. (57—63%) of a colorless mobile liquid, b.p. 99-100° (758 mm. Hg). 

Various liquid chromatographic techniques have been frequently employed for the purification of commercial dyes for theoretical studies or for the exact determination of their toxicity and environmental pollution capacity. Thus, several sulphonated azo dyes were purified by using reversed-phase preparative HPLC. The chemical strctures, colour index names and numbers, and molecular masses of the sulphonated azo dyes included in the experiments are listed in Fig. 3.114. In order to determine the non-sulphonated azo dyes impurities, commercial dye samples were extracted with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Colourization of the organic phase indicated impurities. TLC carried out on silica and ODS stationary phases was also applied to control impurities. Mobile phases were composed of methanol, chloroform, acetone, ACN, 2-propanol, water and 0.1 M sodium sulphate depending on the type of stationary phase. Two ODS columns were employed for the analytical separation of dyes. The parameters of the columns were 150 X 3.9 mm i.d. particle size 4 /jm and 250 X 4.6 mm i.d. particle size 5 //m. Mobile phases consisted of methanol and 0.05 M aqueous ammonium acetate in various volume ratios. The flow rate was 0.9 ml/min and dyes were detected at 254 nm. Preparative separations were carried out in an ODS column (250 X 21.2 mm i.d.) using a flow rate of 13.5 ml/min. The composition of the mobile phases employed for the analytical and preparative separation of dyes is compiled in Table 3.33. 

Biorenewable liquid fuels such as are methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol can be used as alternate motor fuels. Practically, any of the organic molecules of the alcohol family can be used as a fuel. However, only methanol and ethanol fuels are technically and economically srritable for internal combustion engines (ICEs). 

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