Organic compounds halides

Hydrogen fluoride also effects replacement reactions in organic compounds. For example, carbon tetrachloride yields a mixture of chlorofluoromethanes CCI3F, CCI2F2 and so on. Like all the other hydrogen halides, hydrogen fluoride adds on to olefins, for example ... 

Place in the tube sufficient organic compound to give subsequently about 0-3 g. of the silver halide, and weigh again. Now allow the small tube to slide carefully down the inclined Carius tube until it finally adopts the position shown in D (Fig. 72). If the compound readily loses halogen in the presence of nitric fumes, the Carius tube should first be rotated in an oblique position to wet the tube for about 10 cm. from the bottom the small tube, if cautiously inserted into the Carius tube, will now come to rest when it first reaches the wet portion of the tube and will thus be held above the main bulk of the acid until the tube is sealed. 

In order to detect these elements in organic compounds, it is necessary to convert them into ionlsable inorganie substanees so that the ionic tests of inoiganio qualitative analysis may be applied. This conversion may be accomplished by several methods, but the best procedure is to fuse the organic compound with metallio sodium (Lassalgne s test). In this way sodium cyanide, sodium sulphide and sodium halides are formed, which are readily identified. Thus ... 

It consists in treating a solution of sodium iodide in pure acetone with the organic compound. The reaction is probably of the S 2 type involving a bimolecular attack of the iodide ion upon the carbon atom carrying the chlorine or bromine the order of reactivities of halides is primary > secondary > tertiary and Br > Cl. 

Organic compounds are grouped into families according to the functional groups they contain Two of the most important families are alcohols and alkyl halides Alco hols and alkyl halides are especially useful because they are versatile starting materials for preparing numerous other families Indeed alcohols or alkyl halides—often both— will appear m virtually all of the remaining chapters of this text... 

Combustion Many organic compounds released from manufacturing operations can be converted to innocuous carbon dioxide and water by rapid oxidation (chemical reaction) combustion. However, combustion of gases containing halides may require the addition of acid gas treatment to the combustor exhaust. 

Organic Chlorides/Halides — Several organic compounds also are hydrolyzed (or react with water) to produce corrosive materials. Notable inclusions among these compounds are acetic anhydride ([CH3COJ2O), and acetyl chloride (CH3COCI), both of which produce acetic acid upon reaction with water. Both acetic anhydride and acetyl chloride are corrosive in addition, mixtures of the vapors of acetic anhydride and acetic acid are flammable in air, and acetyl chloride itself is flammable. 

We first encountered nucleophilic substitution in Chapter 4, in the reaction of alcohols with hydrogen halides to fonn alkyl halides. Now we ll see how alkyl halides can themselves be converted to other classes of organic compounds by nucleophilic substitution. 

Although acyl fluorides, bromides, and iodides are all known classes of organic compounds, they are encountered far- less frequently than are acyl chlorides. Acyl chlorides will be the only acyl halides discussed in this chapter. 

The photoinitiation of vinyl polymerization by organic compounds (carbonyl, azo, peroxide, disulphide compounds, etc.) or inorganic salts (e.g., metal halides and their ion pairs, etc.) will not be discussed here, since these type of photoinitiators are beyond the scope of the present chapter. 

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