Organic chemistry techniques

If by a suitable enrichment process the proportion of one of the less abundant isotopes is increased, the element is said to be labeled if the element is incorporated into a compound, this is similarly said to be labeled. By suitable organic-chemistry techniques it is frequently possible to enrich the isotope content of one atom in a molecule for example, citric acid... 

Thus, using a knowledge of bacterial iron chelators and applying modern organic chemistry techniques, it does appear possible to synthesize molecules that are more effective in removing iron from animal tissues than the natural chelators like Des-feral. ... 

Many reaction mechanisms involve the movement of one or more protons, so this technique is applicable to a vast number of reactions, particularly so in enzymology, where catalysis often involves the coupling of several proton transfers in a single step (see Chapter 9). Therefore, the proton inventory is an extremely powerful physical organic chemistry technique that has found use in an untraditional physical organic field. 

Synthesis of Planar Chiral Aromatic Compounds The Dotz benzannulation reaction initially affords arene complexes, which are somewhat unstable and difficult to isolate. These complexes possess a chirality element that is lost upon decomplexation. The instability originates with the free phenol group, and a relatively stable complex that can easily be isolated using standard organic chemistry techniques is obtained if the free phenol is converted to an ester or silyl ether prior to isolation. Planar chiral arene/transition metal complexes have been used extensively for asymmetric synthesis [27]. 

Eigen M and de Maeyer L 1963 Relaxation methods Technique of Organic Chemistry o 8, ed S L Friess, E S Lewis and A Weissberger (New York Wiley) pp 895-1054... 

See, for example, A. Weiesberger (Editor), Technique oj Organic Chemistry, Volume IV. Distillation, 1961 (Interscience). 

Weissberger (Editor), Technique of Organic Chemistry, Volumes 1-8, 1949-1955 (Interscience). 

The book opens with a chapter on the theory underlying the technique of the chief operations of practical organic chemistry it is considered that a proper understanding of these operations cannot be achieved without a knowledge of the appropriate theoretical principles. Chapter II is devoted to a detailed discussion of experimental technique the inclusion of this subject in one chapter leads to economy of space, par ticularly in the description of advanced preparations. It is not expected that the student will employ even the major proportion of the operations described, but a knowledge of their existence is thought desirable for the advanced student so that he may apply them when occasion demands. 

Nuclear magnetic resonance has become such an importnat technique in organic chemistry that contemporary textbooks in the subject discuss its principles quite thoroughly, as do texts in physical and analytical chemistry. We note only a few pertinent highlights of the method ... 

Molecular modeling has evolved as a synthesis of techniques from a number of disciplines—organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, physical chemistry, chemical physics, computer science, mathematics, and statistics. With the development of quantum mechanics (1,2) ia the early 1900s, the laws of physics necessary to relate molecular electronic stmcture to observable properties were defined. In a confluence of related developments, engineering and the national defense both played roles ia the development of computing machinery itself ia the United States (3). This evolution had a direct impact on computing ia chemistry, as the newly developed devices could be appHed to problems ia chemistry, permitting solutions to problems previously considered intractable. 

J. A. Riddick, W. B. Bunger, and T. K. Sakano, "Organic Solvents, Physical Properties, and Methods of Purification," in Techniques of Organic Chemistry, Vol 2, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1986, p. 954. 

C. S. Carlson andj. Stewart, in E. S. Perry and A. Weissberger, eds.. Techniques of Organic Chemistry, Vol. IV, Distillation, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1965. 

J.T. Sharp, I. Gosney and A.G. Rowley, Practical Organic Chemistry A Student Handbook of Techniques, Chapman and Hall, London, 1989. ISBN 0412282305. 

The incorporation of a chapter on deuteration in a steroid monograph is quite reasonable since development of a number of the most important deuteration reactions have actually had their impetus through steroid research. The field of steroid chemistry offers possibly the largest variety of deuteration reactions of any area of organic chemistry. Many of these deuteration techniques have also been used for tritium labeling, which is especially pertinent in view of the large demand for tritiated steroids as tracers in biological experiments. 

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