Organic carbon tetrachloride

World Health Organization, Carbon tetrachloride. Environ. Health Crit. 208 WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 1999. 

Hydrogen fluoride also effects replacement reactions in organic compounds. For example, carbon tetrachloride yields a mixture of chlorofluoromethanes CCI3F, CCI2F2 and so on. Like all the other hydrogen halides, hydrogen fluoride adds on to olefins, for example ... 

The bromine test is applied first. The organic compound, if a liquid, is treated with 2-3 drops of liquid bromine or (preferably) a solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride if the organic compound is a solid, it should first be dissolved in cold carbon tetrachloride or chloroform. The rapid absorption of the bromine (and consequent disappearance of the red colour) is a strong indication that the compound is unsaturated, and is therefore undergoing direct addition of the bromine. 

Solid carbon dioxide (Dry Ice, Drikold) is employed when very low temperatures are required. If it is suspended in solvents, such as alcohol or a mixture of equal volumes of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, temperatures down to — 50° can be easily attained. Lower temperatures still are reached if intimate mixtures of solid carbon dioxide and organic solvents are employed with ethyl alcohol, — 72° with... 

A similar circumstance is detectable for nitrations in organic solvents, and has been established for sulpholan, nitromethane, 7-5 % aqueous sulpholan, and 15 % aqueous nitromethane. Nitrations in the two organic solvents are, in some instances, zeroth order in the concentration of the aromatic compound (table 3.2). In these circumstances comparisons with benzene can only be made by the competitive method. In the aqueous organic solvents the reactions are first order in the concentration of the aromatic ( 3.2.3) and comparisons could be made either competitively or by directly measuring the second-order rate constants. Data are given in table 3.6, and compared there with data for nitration in perchloric and sulphuric acids (see table 2.6). Nitration at the encounter rate has been demonstrated in carbon tetrachloride, but less fully explored. ... 

Kinetic studies of nitration using dilute solutions of dinitrogen pentoxide in organic solvents, chiefly carbon tetrachloride, have provided evidence for the operation, under certain circumstances of the molecular species as the electrophile. The reactions of benzene and toluene were inconveniently fast, and therefore a series of halogenobenzenes and aromatic esters was examined. 

This reaction showed certain characteristics which distinguish it from nitrations in solutions of nitric acid in organic solvents. Thus, in changing the solvent from carbon tetrachloride to nitromethane, the rate increased by a factor of only 6, whereas nitration involving the nitronium ion was accelerated by a factor of about 30 when the solvent was changed from acetic acid to nitromethane. It was held that the... 

One mode of substitution occurring when the nitrating system consists of dinitrogen pentoxide in organic solvents involves molecular dinitrogen pentoxide as the effective electrophile ( 4.2.3). Evidence that the same electrophile operates when the nitrating system consists of a solution of benzoyl nitrate in carbon tetrachloride has also been given ( 5-2)-... 

Hypochlorites, salts of Urea, amines, anthracene, carbon, carbon tetrachloride, ethanol, glycerol, mercaptans, organic sulfides, sulfur, thiols... 

As remarked on p. 214, the validity of the nonane pre-adsorption method when adsorptives other than nitrogen are employed for determination of the isotherms, has been examined by Tayyab. Two organic adsorptives, /i-hexane and carbon tetrachloride, which could be used at or near room temperature, were selected and the adsorbents were the ammonium salts of... 

Chloroacetic acid forms a2eotropes with a number of organic compounds. It can be recrystaUized from chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride. The freezing poiat of aqueous chloroacetic acid is shown ia Figure 1. 

Acrylonitrile is miscible in a wide range of organic s lolvents, including acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, ethylene ... 

Thiosulfate titration of iodine is limited to an iodine concentration of 7.5 fig/mL (69). The use of organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride as indicators in the titration of iodine have been proposed (70—72). These procedures increase the sensitivity of the titration so that 6.0 fig/mL of iodine can be detected, although a sensitivity of 2 fig/mL has been claimed (73). 

Naphthalene is very slightly soluble in water but is appreciably soluble in many organic solvents, eg, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, phenols, ethers, carbon disulfide, chloroform, ben2ene, coal-tar naphtha, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and decahydronaphthalene. Selected solubiUty data are presented in Table 4. 

Removal of Refractory Organics. Ozone reacts slowly or insignificantly with certain micropoUutants in some source waters such as carbon tetrachloride, trichlorethylene (TCE), and perchlorethylene (PCE), as well as in chlorinated waters, ie, ttihalomethanes, THMs (eg, chloroform and bromoform), and haloacetic acids (HAAs) (eg, trichloroacetic acid). Some removal of these compounds occurs in the ozone contactor as a result of volatilization (115). Air-stripping in a packed column is effective for removing some THMs, but not CHBr. THMs can be adsorbed on granular activated carbon (GAG) but the adsorption efficiency is low. 

J5)i-tert-55ky. peroxides ate thermally stable organic peroxides, having 10-h HLTs of 110—135°C for acycHc peroxides and 10-h HLTs approaching 200°C for five- to six-membeted cycHc peroxides, eg, 129°C for d4-tert-huty peroxide (in decane) (22), 200°C for 3,3,5,5-tettamethyl-l,2-dioxolane [22431-90-9] (in benzene) (70), and 197°C for 3,3,6,6-tettamethyl-l,2-dioxane (in carbon tetrachloride) (71). 

Bulk polymerization has been studied at relatively low temperatures and in toluene and carbon tetrachloride solutions carried to low conversions (12). The effects of temperature and different organic peroxide initiators have been observed. The molecular weight of soluble polymer after 3% conversion is ca — 19,000 and is somewhat dependent on initiator concentration or temperature between 35 and 65 °C. With di-2-methylpentanoyl... 

Sulfur is insoluble in water but soluble to varying degrees in many organic solvents, such as carbon disulfide, ben2ene, warm aniline, warm carbon tetrachloride, andUquid ammonia (18). Carbon disulfide is the most commonly used solvent for sulfur. 

Stannic Chloride. Stannic chloride is available commercially as anhydrous stannic chloride, SnCl (tin(IV) chloride) stannic chloride pentahydrate, SnCl 5H20 and in proprietary solutions for special appHcations. Anhydrous stannic chloride, a colorless Aiming Hquid, fumes only in moist air, with the subsequent hydrolysis producing finely divided hydrated tin oxide or basic chloride. It is soluble in water, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, kerosene, gasoline, methanol, and many other organic solvents. With water, it forms a number of hydrates, of which the most important is the pentahydrate. Although stannic chloride is an almost perfect electrical insulator, traces of water make it a weak conductor. 

Titanium tetrachloride is also miscible with other common Hquids, including organic solvents such as hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, and... 

---