Organic alloys Disorder

This chapter is organized as follows. First, in sect. 2, we consider the surfaces of metals. In sect. 2.1 we describe the structure of unreconstructed clean metal surfaces and then proceed, in sect. 2.2, to consider the reconstructed surfaces. The surface structure of ordered and disordered metallic alloys is described in sect. 2.3. In sect. 2.4 we describe the surface structures associated with atomic adsorption on metals and in sect. 2.5 we consider molecular adsorption on metals. The structure of semiconductor surfaces is... 

The effects of disorder introduced by impurities, inter- and intramolecular vibrations, random orientation of asymmetric molecules and alloying on conductivity and other properties of organic conductors. It has been shown that intramolecular vibrations contribute importantly to the electron-phonon interaction parameter A and to a(io). 

Arias, D., Sefrioui, Z., Varela, M., Loos, G. D., Leon, C., and Santamaria, J. 2001. Chain oxygen disorder in deox-ygenated YBa2Cu30775 thin films induced by light ion irradiation. J. Alloys Compd. 323-324 576-579. Ashley, J. C. 1980. Inelastic interactions of low-energy electrons with organic solids Simple formulae for mean free paths and stopping powers. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 27(6) 1453-1458. 

A typical commercial lithium-ion battery system consists of a carbonaceous anode, an organic electrolyte that acts as an ionic path between electrodes and separates the two electrode materials, and a transition metal oxide (such as LiCoOa, LiMu204, and LiNiOa) cathode. Recently a variety of novel LIB components have been proposed, like tin-based alloys and disordered carbons as anode materials, and modifications to the conventional transition metal-oxide cathode made by coating it with metal-oxide nanoparticles, most of which are discussed in detail in this book. 

There are practical problems in achieving a true virtual crystal. For example, to avoid some amount of disorder in the lattice, the average number of A atoms which were second-nearest-neighbors to B atoms in an Ai.xBxC alloy would have to be constant. At a composition of x = 0.5, this would mean that every B atom would have two A atoms and two B atoms for second-nearest-neighbors. This arrangement exists in some materials and leads to structures such as chalcopyrite. Such a well-organized structure is no longer a random alloy. Rather, it is a new compound with unique symmetry and, consequently, a different band structure. Thus, even in the perfectly distributed alloy case, one can expect to have deviations from a virtual crystal behavior because a perfect distribution is not random. The reason a virtual crystal... 

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