Organic activating enzyme

M.Y. Jang, S.L Chun, C.W. Mun (2009) The Influence of Organism Activation Enzyme Solution on cell Growth. KOSOMBE Proc. 

Another characteristic of enzymes is their frequent need for cofactors. A cofactor is a nonproteia compound that combines with the otherwise iaactive enzyme to give the active enzyme. Examples of cofactors are metal ions such as Ca ", Cu ", Co ", Fe ", and and organic molecules such as... 

However, in most cases enzymes show lower activity in organic media than in water. This behavior has been ascribed to different causes such as diffusional limitations, high saturating substrate concentrations, restricted protein flexibility, low stabilization of the enzyme-substrate intermediate, partial enzyme denaturation by lyophilization that becomes irreversible in anhydrous organic media, and, last but not least, nonoptimal hydration of the biocatalyst [12d]. Numerous methods have been developed to activate enzymes for optimal use in organic media [13]. 

A completely distinct enzyme has been found in a number of organisms, which carry out the metabolism of amino acids. In this group, a pyruvoyl group is covalently bound to the active enzyme that is produced from a proenzyme in a self-maturation process (Toms et al. 2004). The proenzyme contains a serine residue that undergoes rearrangement to an ester followed by conversion into the (3-chain of the enzyme and a dehydroalanine residne that forms the A-terminal pyruvoyl group of the a-chain. This type of enzyme has been fonnd for a number of important decarboxylations ... 

On the other hand, biocatalyst stability can be affected by the presence of organic-aqueous interface. In our previous work [25], we studied the effect of interface with octane on the lipoxygenase stability in an octane-buffer pH 9.6 biphasic system. This loss in activity is more pronounced than that observed in the aqueous system. During lipoxygena-tion, the active enzyme concentration [E] in the aqueous phase of our biphasic bioreactor was ... 

Lin and coworkers disclosed that, at room temperature, nonenzymatic chemical addition was still observed in a water-organic solvent biphasic reaction system, though the volume of aqueous phases was relative small. Lin developed a method of preparing an active enzyme meal that contained essential water to retain its power for catalysis and found a new catalytic reaction system by application of the prepared meal in a nonaqueous monophasic organic medium (Figure 5.7). There was no problem over a wide range of temperature (from 0-30 °C) when the reactions were carried out under micro-aqueous conditions [50]. 

Coenzyme An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU]... 

Fig. 8. The activity of muscle phosphorylase b (as a logarithm percentage of the activity of the fully AMP-activated enzyme in water) as a funaion of concentration (% v/v) of added organic cosolvent in the absence of AMP. It can be seen that long

In this section, enzymes in the EC 2.4. class are presented that catalyze valuable and interesting reactions in the field of polymer chemistry. The Enzyme Commission (EC) classification scheme organizes enzymes according to their biochemical function in living systems. Enzymes can, however, also catalyze the reverse reaction, which is very often used in biocatalytic synthesis. Therefore, newer classification systems were developed based on the three-dimensional structure and function of the enzyme, the property of the enzyme, the biotransformation the enzyme catalyzes etc. [88-93]. The Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes Database (CAZy), which is currently the best database/classification system for carbohydrate-active enzymes uses an amino-acid-sequence-based classification and would classify some of the enzymes presented in the following as hydrolases rather than transferases (e.g. branching enzyme, sucrases, and amylomaltase) [91]. Nevertheless, we present these enzymes here because they are transferases according to the EC classification. 

The final step in signal transduction is the action of cAMP on the regulatory subunit of the enzyme, protein kinase A. This ubiquitous enzyme then phosphorylates and activates enzymes with functions specific to different cells and organs. In fat cells, protein kinase A activates lipase, which mobilizes fatty acids in muscle and liver cells, it regulates glycogenolysis and glycogen synthesis. 

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