Orbital wall

Starlings were assigned to two groups (n = 10/group). The birds in one group were lightly anesthetized with Equithesin, and placed in a head-holder. The olfactory nerves under the bony orbital walls were exposed. 

Inferiorly, the orbital floor covers the top of the maxillary antrum and sinus. The orbital floor and the medial orbital wall are the weakest parts of the bony orbit. The orbital floor is shaped by the maxillary, zygomatic, and palatine bones. 

Laterally, the orbital wall includes parts of the zygomatic, sphenoid, and frontal bones and neighbors the temporalis fossa laterally and the middle cranial fossa posterolaterally. 

The subperiosteal space exists only when created surgically or filled in by a pathological process. It Hes between the bony orbital walls and the periorbita. The periorbita is loosely attached to all bones of the orbit and to the orbital septum and consists of multiple cormective tissue septa that separate the contents of the orbit from its bony confines. 

The zygomatic neurovascular bundle passes through the infero-lateral aspect of the orbital wall, just posterior to the orbital rim (Aviv and Casselman 2005 TTintschich and Rose 2005). 

Illustrated in Figure 6, this engine incorporates a flat three-sided rotor captured between parallel end walls. The rotor orbits and rotates around the central shaft axis, and within a stationaiy housing that is specially... 

Radiation is an important modality in the treatment of symptomatic metastatic disease. The most common indication for treatment with radiation therapy is painful bone metastases or other localized sites of disease refractory to systemic therapy. Radiation therapy gives significant pain relief to approximately 90% of patients who are treated for painful bone metastases. Radiation is also an important modality in the palliative treatment of metastatic brain lesions and spinal cord lesions, which respond poorly to systemic therapy, as well as eye or orbit lesions and other sites where significant accumulation of tumor cells occurs. Skin and/or lymph node metastases confined to the chest wall area also may be treated with radiation therapy for palliation (e.g., open wounds or painful lesions). 

From the comparison of the results, it can be inferred that copper ions exchanged in the ZSM-5 zeolites assumes a bidentate (sites 12 and II) or tridentate coordination (sites M5, Z6, and M7). These two groups differ also in the molecular properties (Table 2.2). The I-centers are characterized by lower values of the valence index and greater partial charges, QCu, in comparison to the M and Z centers, which is associated with the deeper laying HOMO and LUMO levels. In the M5, Z6, and M7 sites Cu1 ions exhibit more covalent character, and the frontier orbitals have less negative energies. As a result, the chemical hardness of the I-centers, located at the channel intersections, is smaller than those located on the walls of the ZSM-5 zeolite. 

Figure 7. Two-dimensional cut of the ground- and excited-state adiabatic potential energy surfaces of Li + H2 in the vicinity of the conical intersection. The Li-EL distance is fixed at 2.8 bohr, and the ground and excited states correspond to Li(2,v) + H2 and Lit2/j ) + H2, where the p orbital in the latter is aligned parallel to the H2 molecular axis, y is the angle between the H-H intemuclear distance, r, and the Li-to-H2 center-of-mass distance. Note the sloped nature of the intersection as a function of the H-H distance, r, which occurs because the intersection is located on the repulsive wall. (Figure adapted from Ref. 140.)...

Despite the precise knowledge of the muon hyperfine interaction and a wealth of other complementary information on Mu, no compelling theory emerged until 1986 when Cox and Symons proposed a molecular-orbital bond-center (BC) model to explain the muon hyperfine interaction (Symons, 1984 Cox and Symons, 1986). Since then it has been tested both theoretically (Van de Walle, 1991) and experimentally. 

The adequacy of the spin-averaged approach has been confirmed in self-consistent spin-density-functional calculations for H in Si by Van de Walle et al. (1989). The deviation from the spin-averaged results is expected to be largest for H at the tetrahedral interstitial (T) site, where the crystal charge density reaches its lowest value. For neutral H at the T site, it was found that inclusion of spin polarization lowered the total energy of the defect only by 0.1 eV. The defect level was split into a spin-up and a spin-down level, which were separated by 0.4 eV. These results are consistent with spin-polarized linearized-muffin-tin-orbital (LMTO) Green s-function calculations (Beeler, 1986). 

Calculations of vibrational frequencies in a three-center bond as a function of Si—Si separation were performed by Zacher et al. (1986), using linear-combination-of-atomic-orbital/self-consistent field calculations on defect molecules (H3Si—H—SiH3). The value of Van de Walle et al. for H+ at a bond center in crystalline Si agrees well with the value predicted by Zacher et al. for a Si—H distance of 1.59 A. 

At still smaller distances, lithium becomes weakly anionic and the Li F bond ionicity again increases, but with opposite polarity (Li- 54-). This can be readily understood from the shapes of unfilled acceptor AOs. At short distances, the (2p)f orbital becomes an increasingly poor acceptor, because favorable overlap with one lobe is increasingly canceled out by unfavorable overlap with the opposite lobe, as shown in Fig. 2.6(b). Under these circumstances, the unfilled (2s)n orbital becomes the best available acceptor orbital, and electron flow is actually reversed toward Li. However, these changes occur far inside the repulsive inner wall of the potential, so their effects will not be considered further here. 

Shape selectivity and orbital confinement effects are direct results of the physical dimensions of the available space in microscopic vessels and are independent of the chemical composition of nano-vessels. However, the chemical composition in many cases cannot be ignored because in contrast to traditional solution chemistry where reactions occur primarily in a dynamic solvent cage, the majority of reactions in nano-vessels occur in close proximity to a rigid surface of the container (vessel) and can be influenced by the chemical and physical properties of the vessel walls. Consequently, we begin this review with a brief examination of both the shape (structure) and chemical compositions of a unique set of nano-vessels, the zeolites, and then we will move on to examine how the outcome of photochemical reactions can be influenced and controlled in these nanospace environments. 

We will now consider the orbital energies of the electrons with a spin, for the K atom confined inside a cavity with rigid walls. In Figure 33.4, we have focused on... 

The constants p" and p1 1 determine the height of the potential wall and so control the asymptotic decay of the a and (3 anion orbitals. A natural choice is... 

Most studies of hydrocyclone performance for particle classification have been carried out at particle concentrations of about 1 per cent by volume. The simplest theory for the classification of particles is based on the concept that particles will tend to orbit at the radius at which the centrifugal force is exactly balanced by the fluid friction force on the particles. Thus, the orbits will be of increasing radius as the particle size increases. Unfortunately, there is scant information on how the radial velocity component varies with location. In general, a particle will be conveyed in the secondary vortex to the overflow, if its orbital radius is less than the radius of that vortex. Alternatively, if the orbital radius would have been greater than the diameter of the shell at a particular height, the particle will be deposited on the walls and will be drawn downwards to the bottom outlet. 

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