Optoelectronic device fabrication

Although the LED is one of the most basic optoelectronic devices, there exists a variety of complex and interacting material and stmctural considerations in designing these devices. These include the choice of materials for emission wavelength of the LED as well as the geometry and fabrication methods of the device. The principal stmctural properties of commercially available LEDs are summarized in Table 1. 

The formation of nanostructures such as nanodot arrays has drawn a great attention due to the feasible applications in a variety of functional structures and nanodevices containing optoelectronic device, information storage, and sensing media [1-3]. The various methods such as self-assembled nanodots from solution onto substrate, strain-induced growth, and template-based methods have been proposed for the fabrication of nanodot arrays on a large area, [4-6]. However, most of these works can be applied to the small scale systems due to the limited material systems. 

Combinatorial and spread techniques in the fabrication of organic-based photonic and optoelectronic devices G.E. Jabbour, Y. Yoshioka High-Throughput Analysis, pp. 377-393... 

LEDs are electroluminescent devices fabricated from a semiconductor pnjunction and offer inexpensive generation of steady-state or pulsed excitation of low intensity from the near-UV to the near-IR. LEDs epitomize many of the advantages of semiconductor optoelectronics for optical spectroscopy. 

Fabrication is difficult, but the large-scale assembly of nanoscale building blocks into either devices (e.g. molecular electronic, or optoelectronic devices), nanostructured materials, or biomedical structures (artificial tissue, nerve-connectors, or drug delivery devices) is an even more daunting and complex problem. There are currently no satisfactory strategies... 

There are many experiments to be performed before we can clearly state the advantages and limitations of hydrogenated amorphous silicon for optoelectronic devices. Each laboratory has its unique means for creating the a-Si H this leaves some question about the equivalence of the materials. One test for equivalence of materials will be the duplication of device performance. As devices are reported that are sufficiently exciting, other groups will duplicate the results, and we shall develop a better understanding of the material and device fabrication parameters that are important. 

Both hydrated and anhydrous metal borates have numerous industrial uses. Some of the major uses of hydrated metal borates are the manufacture of glasses, ceramics, and industrial fluids, and as micronutrient fertilizers, fire retardants, and biostats. Anhydrous borates find use as heterogeneous catalysts, scintillation hosts, and in the fabrication of optoelectronic devices. Anhydrous aluminum borates are used as additives in oxide ceramics to promote the formation of desirable phases. Also, aluminum borate whiskers are used as reinforcing additives in composite materials. Specific nses of sodium, calcium, zinc, and barium borates are discussed in sections below. 

Recently, low-temperature routes have been sought for by decomposition of organometallic complexes with tellurium-containing ligands. The optoelectronic devices normally require the material to be used as thin films. They are fabricated with special methods, such as molecular beam epitaxy, metal-organic chemical vapour deposition, or atomic layer deposition. 

Finally only the doped polymers have reached a level of sophistication and care of fabrication of devices that make them potential concurrents in optoelectronic devices. But the potential applications of organic metals in general are not dealt with in this book. 

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