Options for Equilibrium Calculations

1 we present the basic thermodynamic relations that are used to start phase-equilibrium calculations we discuss vapor-liquid, liquid-liquid, and liquid-solid calculations. We have seen that the most interesting phase behavior occurs in nonideal solutions, but when we describe nonidealities using an ideal solution as a basis, we must select an appropriate standard state. Common options for standard states are discussed in 10.2 they include pure-component standard states and dilute-solution standard states. 

3 we introduce two fundamental approaches to reaction equilibrium calculations the traditional stoichiometric method and a nonstoichiometric method, which is useful when many reactions are occurring and when products and reactants are known but the reactions are unknown. In setting up both kinds of calculations, we must again confront issues related to standard states, and we must select appropriate computational forms. These issues are discussed in 10.4 for reacting systems. 

Finally, in 10.5 we offer advice to help you select from among the available options. We are not able to cover all possible options in this book, but the basics presented here should help organize your thinking when you come to apply thermodynamics to both traditional and contemporary problems. 

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