Optimum load determination

Kofod used advanced materials models in an attempt to elucidate the effects that prestrain have on the actuation performance of a simple cuboid DE actuator [183]. The results are purely phenomenological however, they indicate that in the special case of a purely isotropic amorphous material, prestrain does not affect the electromechanical coupling directly. The enhancement in actuation strain due to prestrain occurs through the alteration of the geometrical dimensions of the acmator. Kofod also determined that the presence of an optimum load is related to the plateau region in the force-stretch curve and that prestrain is not able to affect the location of this region. 

Therefore, it can be seen that the determination of the correct process parameters (pressure in the pot versus punch stroke and BHF versus punch stroke curves) is a fundamental step for a successful HDD operation and it may require several trial and error experiments. In order to avoid this, FE simulations are a powerful tool to estimate the optimum loading path for pressure in the pot and BHF. Figure 9 shows some examples of SHF (Merklein et al. 2005). 

To determine the optimum loading of graphene for preparation porous conductive scaffolds, electrical conductivity of synthesized PANI (emulsion and solution polymerization samples) containing various amount of graphene was measured. After determining the percolation threshold of... 

Cure time for the laboratory stock is the optimum, as determined by Monsanto rheometer ( 90). Cure time for the inner tube is the shortest time required for freedom from porosity under the valve patch. Cure time for the same size (10 00-20) inner tube made from an identically loaded, TMTD/MBT/sulphur cured, regular butyl (Polysar Butyl 301) compound is 1 5 min longer (i.e. 4 5 min instead of 3 0 min). 

Pressure. Within limits, pressure may have Htfle effect in air-sparged LPO reactors. Consider the case where the pressure is high enough to supply oxygen to the Hquid at a reasonable rate and to maintain the gas holdup relatively low. If pressure is doubled, the concentration of oxygen in the bubbles is approximately doubled and the rate of oxygen deHvery from each bubble is also approximately doubled in the mass-transfer rate-limited zone. The total number of bubbles, however, is approximately halved. The overall effect, therefore, can be small. The optimum pressure is likely to be determined by the permissible maximum gas holdup and/or the desirable maximum vapor load in the vent gas. 

Air is usually the basic load component to an ejector, and the quantities of water vapor and/or condensable vapor are usually directly proportional to the air load. Unfortunately, no reliable method exists for determining precisely the optimum basic air capacity of ejectors. It is desirable to select a capacity which minimizes the total costs of removing the noncondensable gases which accumulate in a process vacuum system. An oversized ejector costs more and uses unnecessarily large quantities of steam and cooling water. If an ejector is undersized, constant monitoring of air leaks is required to avoid costly upsets. 

For a 50,000 GPD filtration operation with an average loading 50 mg/L TSS (Total Suspended Solids) determine the optimum flocculant to use in order to achieve at least an 85 % reduction in solids. Assume that a rotary drum filter unit is used. 

The drill string design is to determine an optimum combination of drill pipe sizes and steel grades for the lowest cost of string or the lowest total load (in... 

TMs study has shown the dynamic behavior of a 5W DMFC stack when the current loads have changed by pulses and steps. In order to determine the optimum operating conditions of the stack, the dynamic behavior of the stack current has been studied under a constant voltage output of 3.8V, varying the flow rate of 2M methanol solution and air. For the stable operation of the 5W stack, the minimal fuel flow rates are found to be 3 ml/min and 2L/min for 2M methanol and air, respectively. 

Semibatch reactors are operated in two different modes (1) Some components of the reaction mixture are loaded into the reactor. After the operating conditions have reached the required level, the other components are dosed continuously or portion-wise, whereby temperature and pressure are kept as close as possible to profiles determined as optimum ones. This mode of... 

The efficiency of an explosive in any given rock can be determined by cratering experiments. In these, boreholes are drilled vertically downwards into the rock and loaded with increasing charges of explosive. The effects which are produced are shown in Fig. 14.2. The optimum charge produces... 

C is an apparatus constant. Usually C, a, and KH are temperature dependent, but a and Kh more so than C. Also In (a) behaves analogously to VPIE and normally increases as temperature falls according to 1/T or 1 /T2 (Chapter 5), while KH typically increases exponentially as temperature falls. These two criteria conflict so far as the best choice of temperature is concerned, and for good separations it is necessary to determine the optimum compromise. With a and KH set by the selection of operating system and temperature, resolution is proportional to Vg/Vc. For maximum resolution the vapor volume is increased by electing open tubular columns, i.e. wetted wall columns with minimal liquid loading, and therefore minimal capacity. 

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