Optimization technology choice

For small-scale units providing hydrogen for fuel cells, the choice of the optimal technology may be dictated by parameters such as simplicity and fast... 

Etom the customer s point of view, there is an optimal level of standardization. Increased standardization lowers costs but restricts choice. Furthermore, if a single minimal performance product standard is rigorously invoked in an industry, competition in a free market ultimately may lead the manufacturer of a superior product to save costs by lowering his product quaHty to the level of the standard, thus denying other values to the customer. Again, excessive standardization, especially as appHed to design or how the product performance is to be achieved, effectively can limit technological innovation. 

In this regard, it has to be stressed that fluorescence reporters have to be divided into two broad categories according to two major trends of technologies in which they are used. This division is necessary because some criteria for the choice of optimal reporters are quite the opposite. 

The [2+2+1] cycloaddition of an alkene, an alkyne, and carbon monoxide is known as the Pauson-Khand reaction and is often the method of choice for the preparation of complex cyclopentenones [155]. Groth and coworkers have demonstrated that Pauson-Khand reactions can be carried out very efficiently under microwave heating conditions (Scheme 6.75 a) [156]. Taking advantage of sealed-vessel technology, 20 mol% of dicobalt octacarbonyl was found to be sufficient to drive all of the studied Pauson-Khand reactions to completion, without the need for additional carbon monoxide. The carefully optimized reaction conditions utilized 1.2 equivalents of... 

What can we learn from this comparison for greenness First, technology exists to build the matrix of quantitative data for comparison between pairs of chemicals. Second, the comparison is multi-dimensional, which leads to situations where the optimal choice is not clear, which is the case of this pair of chemicals. Although we could have chosen a pair of chemicals where the difference was more stark, 2,4-D and diuron are probably closer to the norm when comparing chemicals that have to serve the same industrial or agricultural function. 

For non-thresholded contaminants some mechanism is required that will allow the benefits in terms of reduced risks and costs associated with control to be taken into account. The costs of control will include enforcement costs as well as costs to producers in reaching ever stricter standards. Ultimately these costs will be borne by consumers in taxes, increased prices or reduced choice. Economic theory dictates that there must be a point where the extra increase in the cost of control is not justified by the corresponding increase in benefit (reduction in risk). This optimal point will differ for each contaminant according to the technology needed to control it, the nature of the hazard, and the relationship between dose and risk. It is in this latter context that quantitative risk assessment (QRA) becomes critical (see section 2.3.4 of this chapter). 

In 2001, the SRS announced its choice of CSSX as the baseline cesium-removal technology over small-tank precipitation (a small-scale version of the ITP process) and ion exchange with CST for its Salt Waste Processing Facility (SWPF) to go into operation in 2010 [22], An optimized solvent system, model, and flowsheet were developed and demonstrated in 2001 and 2002 [37,49], and a modular concept was developed by ORNL in 2003 [68], Thus, the past decade has seen the emergence and maturation of a powerful new technology based on a macrocyclic cation receptor designed to function in solvent extraction to meet the critical need of the USDOE for a means of cleanly separating Cs from alkaline tank waste. 

The choice of hydrides should be optimized under a concrete heat problem the heat pump, a refrigerator, a heat transformer. Techniques of a choice of the hydrides can help with it using computer technologies [6],... 

It is beyond the scope of this chapter to give details of the technology for the separation of antibodies. Instead, first some basis is presented and then how liquid chromatography is usable for the adsorption, separation, and purification of antibodies is explained. Method development phases such as, for instance, resin screening, optimization of running conditions, flow sheeting, operational parameters for productivity optimization, and the choice of system components, will not be detailed here. For general reviews, see Refs. 71 and 72. 

The choice of an industrial solvent results from a compromise between these different properties and an economic optimization of the technology used for the process. 

---