Optimization and Integration

A biorefinery maximizes the value derived from the complex biomass feedstock by (a) optimal use and valorization of feedstock, (b) optimization and integration of processes for better efficiency, and (c) optimization of inputs (water, energy, etc.) and waste recycling/treatment. Integrated production of bioproducts, especially for bulk chemicals, biofuels, biolubricants and polymers, can improve their competitiveness and eco-efficiency. However, although a few examples of biorefineries already exist (Chapters 3 and 6), many improvements are still needed to enhance the process [5] ... 

The design and optimization of a fuel cell power system is very complex because of the number of required systems, components, and functions. Many possible design options and trade-offs affect unit capital cost, operating cost, efficiency, parasitic power consumption, complexity, reliability, availability, fuel cell life, and operational flexibility. Although a detailed discussion of fuel cell optimization and integration is not within the scope of this section, a few of the most common system optimization areas are examined. 

One of the major expenses incurred in the application of enzymes for bioconversion processes is the cost of enzyme production (1). The total cost of production includes the cost of fermentative production as well as downstream processing requirements. Both of these factors must be optimized and integrated for maximum cost-effectiveness. 

Lipnizki P, Olsson J, and Tragardh G. Scale-up of pervaporation for the recovery of natural aroma compounds in the food industry. Part 2 Optimization and integration. J. Food Eng. 2002 54 197-205. 

Fewer software releases tend of lead to slower increases in data complexity—A strategy that tends to batch change requests and issue releases at set periodic time-scales has the opportunity to develop a more considered overall maintenance strategy and optimize and integrate the design of requests. 

Lipnizki F and Field R W (2002), Hydrophobic pervaporation for environmental applications process optimization and integration . Environ Prog, 21, 265-272. 

From the above introduction we can see that although scholars have made outstanding contributions to the study of supply chain planning and achieved fruitfiil results, the optimized and integrated supply chain planning has not yet aroused the concern of researchers in more complex supply chain network environment with many uncertain parameters and multi-period. The detailed analyses are as follows ... 

Taher, H., S. Al-Zuhair, A. H. Al-Marzouqi, Y. Haik, and M. Farid. 2014b. Enzymatic Biodiesel Production of Microalgae Lipids under Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Process Optimization and Integration. Biochemical Engineering Journal 90 103-113. 

The main focus of this chapter is to examine the critical material properties that influence polymeric binder and filler-binder performance of directly compressible excipients, and how these material properties can be optimized and integrated with other functionalities via particle engineering. 

In the course of non-linear regression itself and the statistical design of experiments, one is very often confronted with severe numerical problems in optimization (and integration) caused by the shape of the response surface of the objective function /30/. 

Another problem is that of optimizing and integrating water conditioning and treatment steps to achieve a minimum number of operations. 

Taher, H., et al., 2014. Enzymatic biodiesel production of microalgae lipids under supercritical carbon dioxide process optimization and integration. Biochemical Engineering Journal 90, 103—113. Available at http //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369703Xl 400148X (accessed 22.06.14.). 

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