Optical systems infrared

Territories protection, search and watch Optical, ultrasonic, infrared, TV systems of technical vision... 

W. D. Rogatto, "Electro-Optics Components," inj. S. Accetta andD. L. Shumaker, eds.. The Infrared Electro-Optical Systems Handbook, Vol. 3, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, Wash., 1993. 

Collecting optics, radiation detectors and some form of indicator are the basic elements of an industrial infrared instrument. The optical system collects radiant energy and focuses it upon a detector, which converts it into an electrical signal. The instrument s electronics amplifies the output signal and process it into a form which can be displayed. There are three general types of instruments that can be used for predictive maintenance infrared thermometers or spot radiometers line scanners and imaging systems. 

Alternatively non-contacting measurement systems may be considered for distinguishing between the different textile families, e.g. based on analyses of the optical or infrared optical spectra of the textiles. However, difficulties will arise, considering the variety of textiles in use. 

Several different technologies have been used to develop manhole intrusion sensors, including mechanical systems, magnetic systems, and fiber optic and infrared sensors. Some of these intrusion sensors have been specifically designed for manholes, while others consist of standard, off-the-shelf intrusion sensors that have been implemented in a system specifically designed for application in a manhole. 

A. J. LaRocca, in Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems Handbook Sources of Radiation, Vol. 1 (G. J. Zissis, ed.), pp. 51-138, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, Washington (1993). 

Blackbody radiation sources are accurate radiant energy standards of known flux and spectral distribulion. They are used for calibrating other infrared sources, detectors, and optical systems. The radiating properties of a blackbody source are described by Planck s law. Energy distribution... 

M. C. Dudzik, ed., Electro-Optical Systems Design, Analysis andTesting Vol. 4 of J. Accetta and D. Shumaker, eds., The Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems Handbook, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 1993. 

Figure 1 Optical systems for near-infrared reflectance,...

Fig. 7.1. Layout of the infrared spectrometer showing the Michelson Interferometer Optical System. An FTIR spectrometer s optical system requires two mirrors, an infrared light source, an infrared detector and a beamsplitter. The beamsplitter reflects about 50% of an incident light beam and transmits the remaining 50%. One part of this split light beam travels to a moving interferometer mirror, while the other part travels to the interferometer s stationary mirror. Both beams are reflected back to the beamsplitter where they recombine. Half of the recombined light is transmitted to the detector and half is reflected to the infrared source.

A typical IR spectrometer consists of the following components radiation source, sampling area, monochromator (in a dispersive instrument), an interference filter or interferometer (in a non-dispersive instrument), a detector, and a recorder or data-handling system. The instrumentation requirements for the mid-infrared, the far-infrared, and the near-infrared regions are different. Most commercial dispersive infrared spectrometers are designed to operate in the mid-infrared region (4000-400 cm ). An FTIR spectrometer with proper radiation sources and detectors can cover the entire IR region. In this section, the types of radiation sources, optical systems, and detectors used in the IR spectrometer are discussed. 

Germanium first became important for its use in semiconductors. This application still accounts for about 15 percent of the germanium produced. But other uses of the element are now more important. About 50 percent of the germanium produced in the United States is now used in the manufacture of infrared optics and another 30 percent in fiber optic systems. 

One of the important functions of this infrared microscope is the measurement of the IR spectrum from a spatial region smaller than the diffraction limit. This possibility is already illustrated in Figure 29.4e. The TFD-IR spectrum, that corresponds to the IR absorption spectrum, was measured from a fluorescence region smaller than the IR diffraction limit. Infrared spectroscopy in a sub-micron region will be possible by using a high NA objective lens with the confocal optical system. 

We have performed super-resolution infrared microscopy by combining a laser fluorescence microscope with picosecond time-resolved TFD-IR spectroscopy. In this chapter, we have demonstrated that the spatial resolution of the infrared microscope improved to more than twice the diffraction limit of IR light. It should he relatively straightforward to improve the spatial resolution to less than 1 pm by building a confocal optical system. Thus, in the near future, the spatial resolution of our infrared microscope will be improved to a sub-micron scale. 

An environmental monitoring system uses a number of sensors for physical or chemical quantity measurements, optical cameras, infrared cameras, a communications network, and a controller (Fig. 1). 

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