Optical properties, paper testing

In this paper, we present and test the model implying radiative and dispersive non-radiative decay of excited impurity ions to study the effects of energy transfer on optical properties (emission and lifetime) of CdSiMn " semiconductor nanocrystals embedded in a polymer matrix. 

In the paper industry, a special process is used to characterize the brightness because this is one of the most important optical properties of paper. The determination of the reflectance factor (ISO brightness) is based on ISO 2470 (1999). For this test, a filter is used which has an intensity maximum at a wavelength of 457 nm. The reflectance (blue component) measured in a reflectometer under specified conditions is known as brightness. It is expressed as a percentage of the brightness of a white standard. 

Transparent materials interact with light only by absorption. This interaction is formulated quantitatively in the Bouguer-Lambert and Beer s Laws (c.f. i). In paper, however, surface reflection is the dominating type of interaction. This results in very desirable properties like high brightness and opacity, but complicates the interpretation of optical tests with regard to absorption data. The Kubelka-Munk theory attempts to separate the two types of... 

In a series of papers, heated indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes were proposed as carriers for electrochemiluminescent sensors of diverse analytes [70-74]. The system couples the advantages of a heated electrode with the optical transparency property of ITO glass. In [70], H2O2/MCLA and TPrA/Ru(bpy)3 have been used to test the arrangement which was constructed very similar to the scheme given in Fig. 6.15. In [71], TPrA and colchicine were detected in human serum by means of the ruthenium bipyridyle ECL system. Immobilised xanthine oxidase as a sensor system for hypoxanthine has been mentioned already. It has been used also with a heated ITO electrode [72]. Further examples for electrochemiluminescence detection with heated ITO electrodes were the analysis of Ns-methyladenosine in urine... 

The creep behavior and mechanism of several visco-elastic foams were analyzed in this paper to understand the stmcture property relationship. The creep behavior and recoverability of these foams were characterized by the compression set, short time creep test, as well as hysteresis with an optical extensometer. The creep mechanism was analyzed and explained based on foam cell structure (cell orientation and uniformity) and material properly. Material parameters and cell stmcture that possibly control the creep and recoverability of visco-elastic foams are also discussed. 

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