Opioid receptor desensitization

Bohn LM, Gainetdinov RR, Lin FT et al (2000) p-Opioid receptor desensitization by (3-arrestin-2 determines morphine tolerance but not dependence. Nature 408 720-723... 

Bleich A, Gelkopf M, Weizman T, et al Benzodiazepine abuse in a methadone maintenance treatment clinic in Israel characteristics and a pharmacotherapeutic approach. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 39 104-112, 2002 Bohn LM, Gainetdinov RR, Lin FT, et al Mu-opioid receptor desensitization by beta-arrestin-2 determines morphine tolerance but not dependence. Nature 408 720— 723, 2000... 

Bohn L, Gainetdinov R et al. Mu-opioid receptor desensitization by beta-arestin-2 determine morphine tolerance but not dependence. Nature 2000 408 720-723. 

Connor M, Osborne PB, Christie MJ. Mu-opioid receptor desensitization is morphine different BrJ Pharmacol. 2004 143 685-696. 

Eisinger DA, Ammer H, Schulz R (2002) Chronic morphine treatment inhibits opioid receptor desensitization and internalization. J Neurosci 22 10192-10200... 

Receptor desensitization, internalization, and/or down-regulation may play a role in the development of tolerance to opioid receptor agonists (Clark et al. 

In this chapter, we review the interactions at the level of protein function, between opioid receptors and chemokine receptors, using both in vitro and in vivo model systems. As a part of this discussion, we also describe our current understanding of the biochemical pathway(s) that are involved in the heterologous desensitization process between these groups of receptors. 

Certain Chemokine Receptors Cross-Desensitize Opioid Receptors... 

Opioid Receptors Cross-Desensitize Chemokine Receptors... 

Bohn LM, Dykstra LA, Lefkowitz RJ, Caron MG, Barak LS (2004) Relative opioid efficacy is determined by the complements of the G protein-coupled receptor desensitization machinery. Mol Pharmacol 66 106-112... 

Zhang N, Rogers TJ, Caterina M, Oppenheim JJ (2004) Proinflammatory chemokines, such as C-C chemokine hgand 3, desensitize mu-opioid receptors on dorsal root ganglia neurons. J Immunol 173 594-599... 

The ability of morphine to desensitize other neurotransmitter receptors coupled to K+ channels may cause long-term consequences in the activity of neurons. The uncoupling of K+ channel from non-opioid receptors that normally tonically inhibit cell firing could result in an increase in the basal firing of the cells. Changes in the set point of neuronal firing could influence gene expression in the cells and alter the molecular properties of the neurons. 

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