Open ends Poisoning

The emergency room treatment for methanol poisoning is to inject ethanol intravenously to tie up the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme so that methanol will not be converted to formic acid and formate, which causes blindness. The goal of this open-ended problem is to build on the physiological-based model for ethanol metabolism to predict the ethanol injection rate for methanol poisoning. One can find a start on this problem by reading problem P7-25c. 

PRO, WO 193/711. Churchill radio broadcast, 10 May 1942. The broadcast was made in response to a pledge Churchill had made to Stalin. The Russians were worried that the Nazis were about to use poison gas on the eastern front. Churchill s open-ended pledge - like that of Roosevelt to the Chinese — appears to have worried the Chiefs of Staff. The relevant section of Churchill s broadcast ran ... 

When an economic poisons product is accepted for registration, the manufacturer is authorized to sell it in the state. Official samples are drawn by inspectors to determine if a product corresponds to guarantee. Approximately 8000 different economic poisons are registered for sale in the state and it is possible, with present facilities, to sample and analyze only about one fifth of these materials in any one year. Samples are always drawn from original containers that have not previously been opened, and they may be drawn from supplies in the hands of manufacturers, dealers, or users. Reports of analyses are sent to the registered manufacturer, any dealer involved, and any user involved. At the end of each year, reports of all samples are published in a special publication of the department. Copies are available without charge upon request. 

Fifteen grams of green chromic oxide (No. 7) are placed in the center of a combustion tube and the latter is placed in a tube oven with temperature control. The exit end of the tube should have an opening of at least 10mm to allow for escape of sublimed hexachloroethane, which is formed as a by-product. [CAUTION The experiment must be conducted in hood because vapors of phosgene are poisonous.)... 

The freshman chemistry laboratories at Berkeley had no fume hoods, but at the far end of each laboratory there was a small open-air porch, which students crowded into to do the most hazardous parts of their experiments. The freshman laboratory used hydrogen sulfide gas in large amounts, and hydrogen sulfide is more poisonous than hydrogen cyanide. As far as safety was concerned, the attitude at Berkeley appeared, to be that research workers and students should take care of themselves. 

If you don t close a file before ending the program, you can run into big problems. A disk drive has its own microprocessor, which keeps track of open files. If you open a file, write to it, and turn off your computer without closing the file, the result is a "poison" file, which can corrupt other files on the disk. Poison files are marked in the directory with an asterisk. You should never scratch a poison file you have to use the Validate command to get rid of it. Before you end a program, be certain to close all files. 

Many products come in the form of a powdered solid. The solid once produced is stored in a container. It may be a barrel, a bag, or a can depending on the volume. Powdered milk is a good example so is lawn fertilizer. Catalytic solids are another. Catalysts promote the rate of chemical reaction and are used throughout the chemical and petroleum industries they are usually small solid pellets of uniform size and shape. Catalysts are not consumed in the course of the reaction they promote. Nevertheless, catalysts do eventually need to be replaced. This is either because they were poisoned or their sohd structures have become clogged with high molecular weight molecules that prevent access to the active sites. At the end of its lifetime, then, the catalyst must be replaced. The spent catalyst is removed from the reactor vessel, the reactor is cleaned, and the space left open is ready for a charge of fresh solid catalyst. 

The cause of min.e.p.p. is the opening of the same channels as in the case of e.p.p. This has been checked in experiments with tetrodotoxin, a poison which selectively blocks only the sodium channels and makes the spike impossible both in the nerve and muscle fibres. After tetrodotoxin s inhibition of the sodium spike, the min.e.p.p. induced by the electrotonic depolarization of the nerve endings are not changed (Fig. 3A). The local depolarization induced by microapplication of ACh also is not influenced by tetrodotoxin. 

Caution. KHiASO is poisonous, and possibly carcinogenic. Avoid contact with this material or its solutions. In particular, use caution when sealing the gold tubes or when opening the bomb at the end of the synthesis, as any leaks will release the arsenic. 

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