Opaque load

Figure 18.29 includes spectral properties for a paper product (i.e., the spectral, diffuse absorptivity of 62 g/cm2 paper), along with normalized Planck blackbody distributions of sources at various temperatures [156], In the absence of convection or conduction heat exchange between the source (,v) and load (L), and assuming for the moment that the source and load are in an infinite parallel plate arrangement, an expression for the heat flux delivered to an opaque load can be derived using the analyses of Chap. 7 ... 

In most GRPs debonding can occur after even a small number of cycles, even at modest levels. If the material is translucent, the buildup of fatigue damage can be observed. The first signs (for example, with glass-fiber TS polyester) are that the material becomes opaque each time the load is applied. Subsequently, the opacity becomes permanent and more pronounced, as can occur in... 

Simple visual observation of the samples upon removal from the calorimeter cell after the experiments revealed that varying degrees of coagulation had taken place in some of the samples during the experimental cycle. At sample loadings in the neighborhood of 1.0 mg/mL, the samples scanned at pH 8.34 and pH 7.5 were clear upon removal from the cell. The pH 6.32 samples were somewhat milky in appearance, and the pH 4.8 samples were virtually opaque. 

The natural color of plain UHMWPE is opaque white. Of course, it can be loaded with pigments. 

Glass may he transparent, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colored. The chemical composition and corresponding properties ma> vary over a wide range. Glass will support a load, and it may be shaped, broken, or cul. It is much like other solid materials, and yet it is unique. 

Examination of infrared-opaque catalysts, e.g., carbon-supported, coked or which have high metal loadings, requires special specimen preparation techniques. These may be avoided by using other vibrational techniques described below. 

Opacity At typical colorant loadings. At low loadings, many opaque pigments will appear translucent. 

Based on the clinical reports, 10-45% of patients who received the surgical implant with the bone cement need revision surgery mainly due to the cement fracture [36,37]. It is commonly accepted that the fatigue is the major mechanism for the fracture of bone cement [37,38]. The weak resistance of bone cement to the fatigue loading has been addressed to the low molecular weight of matrix, weak interfaces between filler materials and matrix, agglomeration of X-ray-opaque powder, bubbles, and so forth [38-40]. 

Figure 30.23 Fatigue life of PMMA bone cement with various kinds of plasma-treated X-ray opaque powder at 23 MPa maximum applied stresses under flexural loading.

Can be used on either palletised or unpalletised loads. Properly applied it holds the load together well, forms a reasonable tamper-evident barrier and adds positive protection against vapour and water. If it is required the shrink or stretch wrap can be opaque, thereby obscuring the individual labels on cases. 

Source-Load Coupling for Opaque and Semitransparent Materials. Because no materials exhibit true gray behavior, a primary issue in the design or operation of process hardware is radiative source-load coupling. The coupling efficiency may be estimated only if the spectral radiative properties of the source and load are known. 

In other cases (e.g. thermal processing of glass, silicon, plastics, or porous materials), the load may not be opaque, and the temperature distribution within it develops in response to... 

Semitransparent Material. When the load is not opaque, radiative heat transfer occurs within the material in conjunction with conduction and/or advective transfer (if the load is moved with respect to a coordinate system). The thermal response of the load is, therefore, determined in part by volumetric radiation heat transfer, necessitating prediction or measurement of the relevant radiative properties. 

Housings oxygenators, intravenous spikes, pregnancy kits opaque, non-load bearing, medium impact resistance... 

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