On-line consolidation

In addition to the reduced cost, on-line consolidation also offers benefits for design flexibility and performance. With localized heating, this process is inherently suitable for manufacturing parts with large surfaces and moderate curvatures, such as fuselage structures and deep submersibles [5]. Because the towpreg is fully consolidated and locked in the vicinity of the melting zone as it is placed onto the structure, there is no conceptual limitation... 

On-line consolidation techniques are commonly used in manufacturing processes, such as filament winding and tape laying. Despite differences in the machines used to implement these two manufacturing processes, similar procedures are required to ensure complete bonding between the composite layers. The basic components of on-line consolidation process are illustrated in Figure 7.2. 

Figure 7.2 Schematic diagram of the on-line consolidation process...

Consolidation and development of interlaminar bond strength for thermoplastic matrix composites have been modeled by two mechanisms intimate contact and autohesion. Intimate contact describes the process by which two irregular ply surfaces become smooth (Fig. 13.10). In areas in which the ply surfaces are in contact, autohesion occurs, and the long thermoplastic polymer chains diffuse across the ply boundaries. Filament winding with thermoplastic matrix materials is considered an on-line consolidation process in that local... 

As is the case for Dic, complete autohesion and complete bonding correspond to Dau = 1 and Db = 1, respectively. To account for nonisothermal autohesion, which occurs in on-line consolidation processes such as filament winding, the degree of bonding must be calculated at discrete time steps and summed [21]. 

Kugler, D. and Moon, T. J., The effects of Mandrel material and tow tension on defects and compressive strength of hoop-wound, on-line consolidated, composite rings . Composites Part A Applied ScietKe and Manufacturing, 2002, 33(6), 861. 

Techniques commonly used to manufacture advanced composites from prepregs, which are available in unidirectional fiber or fabric form, include compression molding, vacuum-bag autoclave molding, stamp molding, thermoforming, and on-line (in situ) consolidation [3]. In compression and vacuum-bag autoclave molding techniques, the prepreg is cut to the dimensions of the structure, and the fiber directions are oriented to obtain the required... 

For soils exhibiting a normalized behavior, tests can be performed on specimens consolidated in the laboratory to the virgin compression line and then subjected to a stress condition equivalent to the in-situ OCR. By using the in-situ effective consolidation pressure, the in-situ stress-strain-strength characteristics of the soils can be evaluated from the normalized test results. To obtain the relationship between S /Cy and OCR, good quality to slightly undisturbed soil samples are consolidated to pressures as much as four times the in-situ preconsolidation pressure (o and then rebounded. Samples in which the structure... 

Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic. 2005a. Decree No. 41/2005 Coll on details of waste management (consolidated version). Prague Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic, [on line]. Available World Wide Web . 

The temptation is great on the production shop floor to throw all empty boxes and dunnage together at random and count on the consolidation center to sort it out. After all, consolidation center labor is cheaper than assembly plant labor, so why not do it The reason it is a bad idea is that it is not a transfer of work to the consolidation center but rather the creation of work that otherwise would not need to be done. The empties on the shop floor are found where the parts have been consumed. They come out automatically organized by item, operation, and product line. By scrambling the boxes, production is actually destroying a structure it... 

Secretary of Labor v. Consolidation Coal Company (Robinson Run No. 95). March 27, 2000. (WEVA 98-111). [On-line]. Available http //www.msha.gov/solicitor/fmshrc/decision/ 0003xxx4.htm. 

The EU has approved Council Directive No. 92/28/EEClO (of 31 March 1992, now consolidated as Articles 86 to 100 of Directive 2001/83/EC) on the advertising of medicinal products for human use, thus bringing Member States into line with common requirements and standards. The UK regulations have been amended to comply with the Directive. The Directive, Part IV of the UK Medicines Act 1968 as amended by the Advertising Regulations, and the ABPl Code of Practice for the Pharmaceutical Industry are broadly in line with one another. The commentary below on promotion relates primarily to the United Kingdom. While there have been some moves towards the international harmonisation of controls on promotion, these have had only a limited effect, despite the fact that in Europe, Member States all comply with Directive 92/28. 

Compressibility. The bulk density of a solid is an essential value used in the analysis of its flow properties, such as when calculating mass flow hopper angles, opening sizes, bin loads, etc. Loose and/or packed density values are not sufficient. Bulk solids exhibit a range of densities that vary as a function of consolidating pressure. This range of densities, called the compressibility of the solid, can often be expressed on a log—log plot as a line or relationship. 

Construction of the Dynamic Internal Yield Locus. The dynamic yield locus represents the steady state deformation, as opposed to the static yield locus which represents the incipient failure. The dynamic yield locus is constructed by plotting on a (a, t) plane the principal Mohr circles obtained for various consolidation stresses. The dynamic yield locus will be the curve or straight line tangent to all circles, as shown in Figure 17. The dynamic angle of internal friction S and cohesion C are independent of the consolidation stress. S and Q are obtained as the slope and the intercept at er=0 of the dynamic yield locus of the powder. 

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