Oligosaccharides from starch

A product manufactured in Japan as Alo mixture (Anomalously Linked Oligosaccharides) contains mainly a range of IMOS (glucose, isomaltose, and panose as principal constituents). It is produced from starch as substrate by the action of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, and a transglucosidase. It is claimed to have favorable properties for application in the food industry.143... 

Oligo-( 1— 6)-D-glucosidase isomaltase, dextrin 6-a-D-glucanohydrolase hydrolysis of (1— -6)-a-D-glucosyl links in isomaltose, panose, and gluco-oligosaccharides produced from starch by alpha amylase... 

Use of Oligosaccharides from a-Amylase Modified Starches of Maize, Rice, Cassava, and Potato... 

Table I. Oligosaccharide Compositions Prepared from Starches by Thermal Stable Alpha-Amylase Actions ...

Many repetitions of this sequence extend the oligosaccharide, adding glucose residues at its reducing end, with Xa and Xb alternately carrying the growing starch chain. When the chain reaches an appropriate length, it is separated from starch synthase. 

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic and nonreducing oligosaccharides and obtained from starch. The structures and properties of these molecules were discussed in detail in Chapter 3. These molecules are soluble in aqueous mobile phases and, hence, most of the chiral resolution was carried out under the reversed-phase mode. Therefore, cyclodextrins were used frequently as CMPAs for the chiral resolution of a wide variety of racemic compounds. The nontoxicity, nonvolatile, poor UV absorbance, stability over a wide range of pHs, and inexpensive natures of cyclodextrins make them superb CMPAs. 

Amylase facilitates the removal of starch-containing stains such as those from pasta, potato, gravy, chocolate, and baby food. Dried-up starch is difficult to remove from medium- to low temperatures. Amylase adheres to the surface of laundry, acting as an adhesive for other stain components. Starch acts as a kind of glue which binds particulate soil to the surface. Amylase hydrolyzes the starch into dextrins and oligosaccharides the latter are readily dissolved in the washing liquor and thus successively diminish the stain. Likewise, dried-on food, in particular stains and films from starch-containing foods, may be difficult to remove in a dishwasher. 

Unlike starch or cellulose, BSG hemicellulose has a complex structure, which is still present, in part, on its autohydrolysis products. Oligosaccharides from BSG hydrolysis consist mainly of branched arabino-xylo-glucurono oligosaccharides that are not highly acetylated when compared to other xylans, such as from Eucalyptus wood (31). The action of several enzymatic activities including endo-l,4-P-xylanase P-xylosidase and accessory activities such as acetyl xylanesterase, a-glucuronidase, and a-arabino-furanosidase is therefore required for the complete hydrolysis of OCL to monosaccharides. 

Very recently the Hayashibara group discovered a series of new cyclic oligosaccharides (Fig. 17.2). All of these oligosaccharides are produced from starch by special transferases found in microorgnsms. The first example is cyclic tet-... 

Cyclodextrins are crystalline, nonhygroscopic, cyclic oligosaccharides derived from starch. Among the most commonly used forms are a-, P-, and y-cyclodextrin, which have respectively 6, 7, and 8 glucose units see Section 5. 

Maltitol solution is prepared by the hydrogenation of a high-maltose syrup that is obtained from starch by enzymatic hydrolysis. The maltitol solution produced from this process consists of the hydrogenated homologs of the oligosaccharides contained in the original syrup. 

Cyclodextrins are crystalline, nonhygroscopic, cyclic oligosaccharides derived from starch see Cyclodextrins). Sulfobutylether P-cyclodextrin is an amorphous, anionic substituted P-cyclodextrin derivative (see Section 8) other substituted cyclodextrin derivatives are also available see Section 17). 

Thermal decomposition of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides, among them those originating from starch (starch hydrolyzates). 

Reviews and chapters dealing with some aspects of these topics have been published by Horton, Evans and Wurzburg, Greenwood, Caesar, Acton, and Ludvig. Beyond the scope of this article are the cyclodex-trins (cyclomalto-oligosaccharides) available from starch by use of enzy-... 

In this reaction phosphorylase catalyzes the polymerization of glucose-1-phosphate in order to obtain linear polysaccharide chains with a-(l—>4) glycosidic linkages the glycogen branching enzyme is able to transfer short, a-(l—>4) linked, oligosaccharides from the nonreducing end of starch to an a-(l—>6)... 

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