Olefinated Wittig methylenation, synthesis

In the synthesis of methyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-(methoxymethyl)-6-methylene-a-D-mannopyranoside (13), the hydroxyl groups of methyl-a-o-mannopyranosides are selectively protected 6-hydroxyl group as silyl ether 2,3-hydroxyl groups as acetonides and 4-hydroxyl group as methoxymethyle-ther. The silyl group at the C-6 position is then selectively cleaved to get primary alcohol. Oxidation of the alcohol to aldehyde followed by Wittig methylenation yields the desired olefin (13, Scheme 31.13). 

Methylenation of complex aminoaldehyde derivative 315 (Scheme 102) has been achieved [141] using methyl PT sulfone and KHMDS in THE Noteworthy, neither Wittig, Tebbe nor Peterson olefination could be employed in this case. The diene 317 was further used in the synthesis of (-)-Agelastatin 318. 

The Peterson olefination is a connective alkene synthesis and represents a useful alternative to the Wittig reaction. The precursors for the Peterson olefination are 3-hydroxy-alkyltrimethylsilanes which undergo P-elimination of trimethylsilanol under basic or acidic conditions to furnish stereodefined alkenes. This olefination method is especially valuable for the preparation of terminal and exo-cyc ic double bonds and for the methylenation of hindered ketones where the Wittig reaction is problematic. Also, the... 

Wittig phosphonate olefin synthesis. The phosphonate synthesis of a, 3-unsaturated nitriles and esters can be carried out by addition of both substrates simultaneously to a two-phase system of methylene chloride and 50% aqueous... 

Alkene positional isomerism is a problem that arises from time to time. It is conceptually related to regiochemistry and is presented here. Careful synthetic planning is usually required to solve this problem, as illustrated by the Burk-Soffer synthesis of e-cadinene (53) and V2-cadinene (54). 9 Conversion of 52 first to the ketone, then to the tertiary alcohol, and finally to the tertiary chloride allows E2 elimination to give 53. Conversely, Wittig olefination (sec. 8.8.A) of the ketone gave the exo methylene derivative, 54. It is important to note that formation of the C2-C3 C=C unit is favored for trans decalin derivatives over the C3-C4 unit. 

The B-alkyl-9-BBN undergoes an interesting reverse reaction to afford the parent alkene when treated with benzaldehyde. Consequently, the reaction is uniquely employed for the synthesis of exocyclic olefins (Chart 24.3). The hy-droboration of cyclic olefins with an internal double bond, followed by homologation with carbon monoxide in the presence of lithium trimethoxyaluminum hydride afford B-(cycloalkylmethyl)-9-BBN. This intermediate on treatment with benzaldehyde leads to an exocyclic methylene compound (Chart 24.3) [16]. Since the synthesis proceeds from the cycloalkene, thus it provides a valuable alternative to the customary methylenation of carbonyl compounds by Wittig and related procedures. The method also provides a clean synthesis of deuterium-labeled compounds (Eq. 24.10) [16], without positional scrambling or loss of label. Consequently, methylmethylene-d -cyclopentane in 52% isolated yield is obtained. 

A short time after Wittig and Geissler had discovered the olefination of ben-zophenone with methylene triphenylphosphorane, Pommer et al. synthesized retinoic acid (3) and, soon thereafter, retinyl acetate (9), using this new C—C bond-forming synthetic procedure (Pommer, 1960, 1977 Pommer and Thieme, 1983). Thus, they laid the foundations of the BASF industrial synthesis of retinyl acetate (Reif and Grassner, 1973). 

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