Oil tolerance

Among the many available defoamers, crude oil has been used to prevent the formation of foams, or destroy foams already generated, in a variety of industrial processes [43,46,327]. Crude oil can also destabilize foams applied in petroleum reservoirs, i.e., foams in porous media [3,306,328-331] (see Section 11.2.2). Although crude oils tend to act as defoamers, foams actually exhibit a wide range of sensitivities to the presence of oils, and some foams are very resistant to oil [3,332,333]. Many system variables influence the oil tolerance of a given foam and many attempts have been made to correlate foam-oil sensitivity with physical parameters [307,332-337]. These have met with mixed success [114,338],... 

Schramm, L.L. Mannhardt, K. Novosad, J.J. Selection of Oil-Tolerant Foams for Hydrocarbon Miscible Gas Flooding in Proceedings, 14th. International Workshop and Symposium,... 

Holt and Kristiansen (26, 27) obtained similar results for foams flowing in cores under North Sea reservoir conditions in that the presence of any of a number of residual oils (including a crude oil and a variety of pure hydrocarbon oils) reduced the effectiveness of flowing foams. Rater-man (28) measured the pressure drops obtainable for several foams flowing in sandstone cores under moderate pressure and in the presence of a residual pure alkane oil phase and found that the foams were destabilized by the oil. Schramm et al. (40) conducted foam-floods in sandstone cores and found a range of sensitivities to residual crude oil from oil-tolerant foams through to oil-sensitive foams. 

Oil. As for other applications of foam in porous media, the presence of oil is also important to gas-blocking foams because it may impair the ability of foam to reduce gas mobility in situ. A foam to be used in blocking gas around an oil well must withstand prolonged exposure to oil and should thus be intrinsically oil tolerant. This necessity is in contrast to other applications where dynamic metastability of the foam has been claimed to be sufficient because the foam is assumed to flow through the pores and will have its lamellae in contact with oil for only brief periods (30). Oil—foam interaction has been a main focus of our work on aqueous gas-blocking foams and is published separately. In the present context, however, because the topic is reviewed elsewhere in this book, only the main conclusions are given. 

Results from field testing have suggested that foams may achieve lower gas mobility reductions than anticipated because of the defoaming action of residual crude oil [120], which has led to an interest in the formulation of oil-tolerant foams. Although crude oils tend to act as defoamers, it turns out that foams actually exhibit a wide range of sensitivities to the presence of crude oils, as discussed in Section 5.6.7. Overall, it is clearly possible to make foams... 

Dr Schramm holds 17 patents and has published 10 other books, and over 400 other scientific publications or proprietary reports. Many of his inventions have been adopted into commercial practice. He was awarded one of the first NSERC-Conference Board Synergy Awards for Best Practices in University-Industry R D Partnership, and his work on the development of oil-tolerant foams for enhanced oil recovery was judged to be a Milestone of Canadian Chemistry in the twentieth century by the Canadian Society for Chemistry. He has received other national awards for his work and is a Fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada and an honourary Member of the Engineering Institute of Canada. 

Ethoxylated esters i.e. PEG (20) mono-sorbitan oleate Good emulsifiers, can add oil tolerance to anionic systems Niche products in drilling foams High... 

Prior to beginning the project, a major issue to be addressed was the need for a recyclable surfactant, which would perform satisfactorily in the presence of a high hydrocarbon influx. A formulation was developed to withstand up to 50% oil influx by weight of the injected foam solution. This was accomplished through the use of oil tolerant amphoteric surfactants. Figure 6 depicts the surface handling facility and mud pit configuration used on this project. 

Manutocturers Comments Medium strength torque grade. Oil tolerant. Higher viscosity. 

Mamifocturers Comments High viscosity, medium strength for pipes Manufacturers Comments Oil tolerant high strength retainer for as ... 

It is true that good surface preparation is the key to successful adhesive bonding, but a few products have been developed that are oil tolerant. Loctite 603 for instance will retain oil-impregnated porous bronze bushes. 

Moreover, this weld bonding is used to increase the stiffness of hoods and trunk lids and to decrease the number of welded parts. Also, second generation acrylic resin adhesives (SGA) are used to shorten cure time and to make possible oil-tolerant bonding. 

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