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Oil-dominated

Fundamentals of phase equilibria (i.e., phase diagrams, early predictive methods, etc.) are listed in Chapter 4, while Chapter 5 states the more accurate, extended van der Waals and Platteeuw predictive method. Chapter 6 is an effort to gather most of the thermodynamic data for comparison with the predictive techniques of Chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 7 shows phase equilibria applications to in situ hydrate deposits. Chapter 8 illustrates common applications of these fundamental data and predictions to gas- and oil-dominated pipelines. [Pg.16]

While the past methods of preventing hydrate plugs have been to use avoidance with thermodynamic inhibitors such as methanol or glycols, our new understanding of how plugs form, allows us to propose economic risk management (kinetics) to avoid hydrate formation. These concepts differ in type for oil-dominated and gas-dominated systems. [Pg.643]

Note that regular methanol (or monoethylene glycol) injection is used only with gas-dominated systems. In oil-dominated systems the higher liquid heat capacity allows the system to retain reservoir heat, so that insulation maintains sufficient temperatures to prevent hydrate formation. Thermodynamic inhibitor is normally only injected for planned shutdowns in oil-dominated systems. [Pg.647]

Figure 8.8 (See color insert following page 390.) Plug formation via aggregation in an oil-dominated system. (From Turner, D.J., Clathrate Hydrate Formation in Water-in-Oil Dispersions, Ph.D. Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (2004). With permission.)... Figure 8.8 (See color insert following page 390.) Plug formation via aggregation in an oil-dominated system. (From Turner, D.J., Clathrate Hydrate Formation in Water-in-Oil Dispersions, Ph.D. Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (2004). With permission.)...
Conceptual Overview Hydrate Plug Formation in Oil-Dominated Systems... [Pg.653]

Figure 8.8 gives a conceptual figure of hydrate formation in an oil-dominated pipeline. This figure is an extension of the hypothesis originally proposed by Norsk Hydro (Lingelem et al., 1994) and has gained some acceptance in the industry. [Pg.653]

Hydrate formation in a gas-dominated system is thought to differ significantly from formation in oil-dominated systems. In gas systems, there is much less liquid (both hydrocarbon and water), so that the W/O emulsion concept may not apply. Instead a concept may apply as shown in Figure 8.9. [Pg.654]

Citrus oil dominates this class of essential oil. It is obtained by the cold press method with the exception of lime oil, which is also prepared by steam distillation of essential oil separated during the production of juice.106,107 Aside from bergamot, these oils are primarily monoterpene hydrocarbon mixtures of which (if)-limonene (3) is usually the dominant compound. Since odor contribution of this monoterpene compound is low, it is often removed by distillation or repeated solvent extraction. The resulting oil rich in odor-active compounds is called terpeneless oil and is used extensively. In the case of bergamot and lemon oils, psoralen derivates like bergaptene (64) causing photosensitivity are problematic, and those for fragrance use are rectified to remove it (Table 8). [Pg.607]

Three oilseeds and four oils dominate production and export and have become more dominant with the passage of time. These are soybean oil (produced mainly in the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and China), palm oil (Malaysia and Indonesia), rape/canola oil (China, EU-15, India, and Canada), and... [Pg.302]

Cottonseed oil, America s original vegetable oil, dominated the United States vegetable oil market for almost 100 years. The English and European vegetable oil industry was based on a variety of oilseeds and tree fruits available in the home countries and their colonies, bu t cottonseed was the principal raw material for vegetable oil processors in the United States until the mid-twentieth century. In... [Pg.814]

Madagascan Saro essential oil was found to have an attractive odor with a fresh eucalyptus type aroma, being the oil dominated by 1,8-cineole. The oil was found to be safe for human use, with low irritation levels, no mutagenicity and cytotoxicity. This EO also showed antimicrobial activity against several mold and bacteria. Due to its favorable organoleptic and chemical profiles, its safety and effective microbial activity, this oil may have application in the cosmetic, perfumeiy and pharmaceutical industries. The identification of new uses and application of essential oils, can ultimately assist rural communities in Madagascar by generating interest and market access to their products only if these new applications find a sustainable market. [Pg.492]

Polluted sea slicks were found to be characterised by variable and often very appreciable lipid content as evidenced by C—H absorption bands at 2950 and 2850 cm (Fig- 6c). Hydrocarbons and highly esterified oils dominated the surface films of water associated with shipping, this type of activity frequently giving rise to very thick (>100 nm) surface films. The surface films studied by Morris (1974) were also very thick, between 5 and 30 accounting easily for his observation that surface films consist... [Pg.292]

S = 0.32). Furthermore, the pressure decrease becomes more significant closer to the wellbore (i.e. r = 0.2m). Physically, because water is a less viscous and more mobile fluid than oil, less energy (i.e. a lower pressure drawdown) is needed to drive it into the wellbore consequently, the increase of water relative permeability raises the pore pressure whereas that of oil relative permeability lowers it. The synthesis of both effects indicates that pore pressure in a water-dominant fluid system is relatively higher than in an oil-dominant fluid system. [Pg.596]

Soybean oil is a vegetable oil dominating today s food oil market. About 80% of the soybean oil produced each year is used for human food another 6% is used for animal feed, while the ranainder (14%) serves non-food uses (soaps, fatty adds, lubricants, coatings, etc.)(Valverde et al, 2008). Another increasingly important non-food use of soybean oil is biodiesel production (in 2007 about 80% of the vegetable oil used to produce biodiesel was soybean oil in the United States). [Pg.278]

The Debye circuit represents a transition from a conduction mechanism through the first capacitive C,g,g at high frequency to the second independent higher-value capacitive component C in a series with finite resistor R. At very high frequencies C,g,g, usually bulk capacitance Cg of ion-free "matrix" continuous-phase material such as nearly completely insulating oil, dominates the total impedance response. The finite resistor R prevents current from flowing through the secondary resistive-capacitive branch. This branch very often rep-... [Pg.65]


See other pages where Oil-dominated is mentioned: [Pg.89]    [Pg.99]    [Pg.662]    [Pg.3]    [Pg.82]    [Pg.2]    [Pg.212]    [Pg.148]    [Pg.490]    [Pg.200]    [Pg.57]    [Pg.68]    [Pg.162]    [Pg.126]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.16 , Pg.643 , Pg.647 , Pg.653 , Pg.654 , Pg.662 ]




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Conceptual Overview Hydrate Plug Formation in Oil-Dominated Systems

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