OFFSET CURVE

In the case of multiple binding sites or if the ligand-receptor complex isomerizes, the onset and offset curves will be multiexponential. It is generally assumed that nonspecific binding will occur rapidly, and this should certainly be so for simple entrapment in a membrane or cell pellet. If, however, specific binding is very rapid or nonspecific binding particularly slow (possibly... 

Figure 4 Diagrams of powdered NaN02 NQR signal intensity in the middle of the pulse spacing as a function of the resonance offset. Curves 1 and 2 are plotted correspondingly for the in-phase and quadrature components of the quasi-stationary signal obtained with sequences (A) (i o)y x )n and(t — — t) . Sequence parameters are t = 490 /ts all pulse widths...

In Figure 9 one can the dependence of the enhancement factor F on the resonance offset. Curve 1 was received without the sample polarization. Each point of the curve obtained after a 2-min polarization of the sample in the magnetic field Bq. Signal detection was performed using the same MW-4 sequence described above. 

Once the initial offset is chosen, the host begins to download chunks. We use a simple model to help understand the data fetching process. For any given p>eer p, the model contains two parts. One is buffer filling process, expressed by curves of bi fer width Wp(t), playable video in buffer Vp(t), and buffer fill Up(t) which is the number of all downloaded chunks in the buffer at time t. They reflect a buffer s local conditions, but can t tell the status of peer process in a global sense. The other is peer evolutionary process depicted by curves of offset fp(t), scope fp f), peer playable video Vp(t), download Up(t)=fjft)+Up(t) and the reference s(t). Ideally, for a CBR video, all evolutionary process curves should have the same slope equals to the playback rate r. One real progresses of the model can refer to Fig.9. The top line is s(t) as the reference line, the black line at the bottom shows the offset curve (f), and the cyan curve close to s(t) is Up f) the solid red curve with mark x is Wp t), the green curve with mark is Up t), and the blue curve with mark + is the Vp t). 

Recall the normalized piecewise line design model (Li Chen, 2008b) of peer startup progress in PPLive. Assuming each stable peer has a offset curve fit)=t and scope curve (t)=s t)=t+W, when peer p arrives at time 0, he has to choose an initial offset 6, relative to a neighbor s offset equals as 0p= Zg, which has been confirmed in previous sections as both of them equal 70s. Besides, because the stable peer s buffer width lAI is 210s, thus we see that is just equal to W / 3. 

This defines a simple plane offset curve by offsetting a two-dimensional curve in its plane a distance distance along the normal to the curve. The normal to the curve is defined such that the cross product of the normal to the plane in which the curve is defined multiplied with the sense of increasing curve parameter is parallel to the curve normal. distance may be positive or negative. It is the responsibility of the generating system to ensure that the resulting curve is well-defined. 

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