Of vinylsilanes

Carbonylation of alkenes bearing suitable functional groups proceeds regio-selectively. Carbonylation of vinylsilane and / -substituted vinylsilanes pro-... 

Computational investigations of vinylsilanes indicate that there is a groimd-state interaction between the alkene n oibital and the carbon-silicon bond which raises the energy of the n HOMO and enhances reactivity. Furthermore, this stereoelectronic interaction favors attack of the electrophile anti to the silyl substituent. 

An approach related to the covalent coating of porous silica by polymeric derivatives of vinylsilane has been recently taken by Kurganov et al. [43], A copolymer of the formula... 

The Ireland-Claisen reaction of ( )-vinylsilanes has been applied to the stereoselective synthesis of syn- and c/nti-2-substituted 3-silyl alkcnoic acids. a R-2-Alkyl-3-silyl acids are prepared by rearrangement of ( )-silyl ketene acetals which are generated in situ from the kinetically formed (Z)-enolate of the corresponding propionate ester40. Chelation directs the stereochemistry of enolization of heteroelement-substituted acetates in such a way that the syn-diastereomers are invariably formed on rearrangement403. 

The attachment of trialkoxysilane functionality to polyolefins (HDPE, LDPE, PP) though grafting of vinylsilanes (e,g. 40, 41) or silane functional acrylates (e.g. 42) has been widely studied. 63 The principal application of these materials is the... 

The considerable synthetic utility of vinylsilanes (1) is governed by the availability of suitable stereoselective routes. Most existing methodologies start from either alkynes, carbonyl compounds or vinyl halides. 

A mixture of hex-l-yne (80mmol), trichlorosilane (8ml) and a solution of H2PtCl6 in propan-2-ol (5 drops, 0.1m) was kept at 2°C for 15 h, by which time hydrosilylation was complete. Direct distillation gave a mixture of vinylsilanes (60mmol, 75%). G.l.c. indicated a 95 5 mixture of terminal internal regioisomers. 

Allylsilanes, being homologues of vinylsilanes, undergo a similar regio-controlled attack (I) by electrophiles, this time at the /-position, with resulting loss of the silyl group providing products of substitution with a net shift of the double bond ... 

The cross metathesis of vinylsilanes is catalyzed by the first-generation ruthenium catalyst 9. This transformation has been extensively investigated from both preparative and mechanistic points of view by Marciniec et al. [86]. Interestingly, the same vinylsilanes obtained from cross metathesis may also result from a ruthenium-hydride-catalyzed silylative coupling and there might be some interference of metathesis and nonmetathesis mechanisms [87]. 

The substituent effect of vinylsilanes is similar to that of allylsilanes. The reactivity of vinylsilanes increased as the number of chlorine atoms on the silicon increased, but decreased as the number of methyl groups increased. However, vinyltrimethylsilane does not react with benzene to give alkylated products. " In the aluminum chloride-catalyzed alkylation of arenes with allylsilanes or vinylsilanes, one or more chlorine substituents on the silicon atom of silanes are required. 

Vinylchlorosilanes react with aromatic compounds in the presence of Lewis acid to give the alkylation products 2-(chlorosilyl)ethylarenes. In the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of aromatic compounds, the reactivity of vinylchlorosilanes is slightly lower than that of allylchlorosilanes.Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene derivatives with vinylsilanes to give 2-(chlorosilyl)ethylarenes was first reported by the Andrianov group (Eq. (5))." The reactivity of vinylsilanes in the... 

Both the E- and Z-isomers of vinylsilane 13-A have been subjected to polyene cyclization using TiCl4-Ti(0-i-Pr)4. Although the Z-isomer gives an 85-90% yield, the -isomer affords only a 30-40% yield. Offer an explanation. 

Summary The reaction of vinylsilanes with lithium metal is strongly dependent on the solvent and on substituents in the /3 position. 

Scheme 4.26 Precedent for Brook rearrangement/transmetallation of vinylsilanes bearing allylic alcohols...

In addition to transition metals, recent work has demonstrated that strong Lewis acids will catalyze the addition of silanes to alkynes in both an intra- and an intermolecular fashion.14,14a-14c The formation of vinylsilanes from alkynes is possible by other means as well, such as the synthetically important and useful silylcupration15,15a of alkynes followed by cuprate protonation to afford vinylsilanes. These reactions provide products which can be complementary in nature to direct hydrometallation. Alternatively, modern metathesis catalysts have made possible direct vinylsilane synthesis from terminal olefins.16,16a... 

The preference for the /3-silyl isomer product complements methods available for hydrostannation of alkynes, for which the a-stannyl regioisomer is formed preferentially.70 7011 70c In addition, the /3-silyl products serve as the platform for a tertiary alcohol synthesis (Scheme 15). Upon treatment of vinylsilanes such as B with tetrabutylam-monium fluoride (TBAF) in DMF at 0 °C, a 1,2 carbon-to-silicon migration occurs, affording the tertiary heterosilane E. Oxidation of the C-Si bond then provides the tertiary alcohol. Good 1,2-diastereocontrol has been demonstrated for y-alkoxy substrates, as in the example shown. The studies suggest that the oxidation of the sterically demanding silane intermediate is facilitated by the intramolecular formation of a silyl hemiketal or silyllactone for ketone or ester substrates, respectively.71... 

Numerous applications of vinylsilanes have appeared in the literature in which alkyne hydrosilylation is not the basis of the vinylsilane synthesis. In some cases, more direct routes exist for the synthesis of the required vinylsilanes. However, in many cases advances in alkyne hydrosilylation might provide more efficient access to the vinylsilane starting materials. Some noteworthy applications of vinylsilanes in contexts where the vinylsilanes were not produced by alkyne hydrosilylation are presented here, with an emphasis on those employing vinylsilanes which may themselves be accessible by alkyne hydrosilylation. 

Vinylsilane to copper transmetallation has entered the literature,93 93a,93b and a system suitable for catalytic asymmetric addition of vinylsilanes to aldehydes was developed (Scheme 24).94 A copper(l) fluoride or alkoxide is necessary to initiate transmetallation, and the work employs a copper(ll) fluoride salt as a pre-catalyst, presumably reduced in situ by excess phosphine ligand. The use of a bis-phosphine was found crucial for reactivity of the vinylcopper species, which ordinarily would not be regarded as good nucleophiles for addition to aldehydes. The highly tailored 5,5 -bis(di(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)phosphino-4,4 -bis(benzodioxolyl) (DTBM-SEGPHOS) (see Scheme 24) was found to provide the best results, and the use of alkoxysilanes is required. Functional group tolerance has not been adequately addressed, but the method does appear encouraging as a way to activate vinylsilanes for use as nucleophiles. 

In contrast, ruthenium catalysts gave the best results for the cross-metathesis reactions of vinylsilanes with a range of unfunctionalised alkenes [8] (a typical example is shown in Eq. 4). 

Besides the acetylene—acetylene coupling reactions shown above, acetylene—allene [40] and allene—allene coupling reactions [40] are also feasible (Eqs. 9.18 and 9.19). These reactions provide convenient methods for the synthesis of stereodefined olefinic skeletons. As an addendum, the coupling of vinylsilane with acetylenes was effected by 1 to give stereodefined homoallylsilanes, as shown in Eq. 9.20 [41]. 

Cleavage of Si—C bonds (12,243-245). This oxidation can be used to convert vinylsilanes in three steps to syn- or anti-1,2-diols. Thus Grignard reagents cleave epoxides of vinylsilanes selectively to (3-hydroxy silanes, which can be oxidized with retention of configuration to 1,2-diols. When applied to an (E)-vinylsilane, the sequence results in the syn-l,2-diol the an -l,2-diol is obtained from a (Z)-vinylsilane by the same reactions. 

The enantiomeric purity of vinylsilane (S)-3a and (R)-3c are determined to be >95% ee by 1H-NMR (400 MHz) on the derived mandelate ester, obtained by a DCC-promoted coupling to (R)-O-acetylmandelic acid, and absolute stereochemical assignment is accomplished by 1H NMR analysis of the derived (R)-O-acetyl-mandelate esters. For details of this procedure see the published method of Trost.3... 

Scheme 35 Intramolecular cathodic coupling of vinylsilanes with ketones yields 55%.

The relatively low mass balances of the reactions with vinylsilane terminating groups raised questions about the overall utility of vinylsilane groups with the anodic olefin-coupling reaction. Were the low mass balances due to an... 

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