Of organic substrates

Mercury(II) fluoride has been used in the process for manufacture of fluoride glass (qv) for fiber optics (qv) appHcations (11) and in photochemical selective fluorination of organic substrates (12). It is available from Advance Research Chemicals, Aldrich Chemicals, Johnson/Matthey, Aesar, Cerac, Strem, and PCR in the United States. The 1993 annual consumption was less than 50 kg the price was 800—1000/kg. 

Inferences that oxidation takes place on the photocatalyst s surface have been made (67). No such conclusions can be drawn. Similar observations have been made in homogeneous media if a bimolecular reaction between two reactants is assumed. A Langmuir-type behavior is no guarantee of a surface occurring process. A rigorous treatment (68) of the kinetics involved in the photocataly2ed oxidations of organic substrates on an irradiated semiconductor has confirmed this. 

Carbamates. Lower alkyl A/-halo- and W,W-dihalocarbamates are distillable Hquids (70,112). A/-Halo-A/-metallocarbamates are crystalline hygroscopic soHds. A/-Chloro-A/-sodiourethane [17510-52-0] C2H OCONQNa, does not decompose on heating to 250°C (113), but violent decompositions have occurred at room temperature (114). A/-Halocarbamates react with a variety of organic substrates, eg, the free-radical addition of W-chlorourethane [16844-21 -6] C2H OCONHCl, and A,A-dichlorourethane [15698-16-5], C2H OCONCl2, to olefins provides a convenient route to... 

Silva (1971) used the Berty reactor to execute exploratory measurements on vapor-phase hydrogenation of organic substrates that had little vapor pressure at room temperature. The substrate was measured by weight in a small ceramic boat and put on the catalyst screen beside a few particles of catalyst, also measured by weight. Then the stirring started, and the autoclave was heated to the reaction temperature. Finally the desired hydrogen pressure was applied suddenly and the reaction started. 

Scheme S3. Protonation and Ionization of Organic Substrates in Superacid Media...

Fermentation An anaerobic bioprocess. An enzymatic transformation of organic substrates, especially carbohydrates, generally accompanied by the evolution of gas as a byproduct. Fermentation is used in various industrial processes for the manufacture of products (e.g., alcohols, organic acids, solvents, and cheese) by the addition of yeasts, moulds, and bacteria. 

Cell growth and metabolic activities are similarly described as a simple chemical reaction. It is also necessary to establish a definite formula for dry cell matter. The elemental composition of certain strains of microorganism is defined by an empirical formula CHaO/3Ns. The general biochemical reaction for biomass production is based on consumption of organic substrate, as shown below. Substrate oxidation is simplified in the following biochemical oxidation ... 

Fortum s Reagent, reaction of organic substrates with 96... 

High product selectivity is one of the most important challenges in synthetic methods. Some electrode reactions of organic substrates show a surprisingly high chemoselectivity and regioselectivity Diastereoselectivity is occasionally observed,... 

The Pacman catalyst selectively oxidized a broad range of organic substrates including sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxides and olefins to epoxides and ketones. However, cyclohexene gave a typical autoxidation product distribution yielding the allylic oxidation products 2-cyclohexene-l-ol (12%) and 2-cyclohexene-1-one (73%) and the epoxide with 15% yield [115]. 

Possible use of enzymes for the direct carboxylation of organic substrates... 

If a mixture of organic substrates are to be catalytically transformed into suitable products upon the action of M nanoclusters present inside a nanostructurally well defined CFP, a reagent size exclusion will take place with uniquely beneficial effects in terms of chemoselectivity [35,36]. 

The Cu vapor-derived nanopowders are efficient catalytic precursors for the oxidation of a wide range of organic substrates with molecular oxygen or air and are... 

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