Of n-mannitol

Arsenious acid, As(OH)s, behaves as a weak acid with a dissociation constant of about 8X10 at 25°. As is the case with boric acid, the addition of n-mannitol to aqueous solutions of arsenious acid increases the acidity of the solution. The formation constants for complexes between polyhydroxy compounds and the arsenite ion have been found to be considerably smaller than those for the corresponding borate complexes. This is also reflected in the absolute mobilities of such compounds during electrophoresis in arsenite solution. 

Su et al. [24] studied the polymorphic transformation of n-mannitol by in situ Raman spectroscopy coupled with FBRM (focused beam reflectance measurement) and PVM (particle vision measurement). In this way, relationships between fine particles and metastable-form dissolution, and also between coarse particles and stable-form crystallization, could be defined. The different polymorphs were identified by Raman spectroscopy. FBRM provided a method for independently verifying these observations. PVM, in turn, verified the data interpretation strategy employed for FBRM. 

Figure 9 Influence of hexamethylene amiloride, an Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor, on the corneal and conjunctival permeability of (A) mannitol and (B) atenolol. Error bars denote mean SEM for n = 4. (Kompella, Kim, and Lee, unpublished data.)...

Another proof of the configuration of D-mannitol and also of D-manno-n-manno-octitol (XVI), which is likewise dependent on the experimental proof of the equivalent symmetry of D-mannitol is the following. D-Mannose has been converted, by successive cyanohydrin syntheses, first to a mannoheptose and then to a mannooctose which on reduction yielded a mannooctitol whose octaacetyl derivative is optically inactive. (It was not possible to examine the octitol itself because of its very low solubility in water.)87 The meso character of the octaacetate shows that the mannooctitol must possess a meso configuration, with a plane of symmetry between carbon atoms 4 and 5. To write its formula, the hydroxyl at carbon atom 7 is placed on the... 

Dianhydro-n-mannitol or isomannide was first prepared many years ago by Fauconnier44 who obtained it by heating D-mannitol with hydrochloric acid. The dianhydrides of D-sorbitol and L-iditol were not prepared, however, until very recent times. Although isomannide is a crystalline substance forming well defined derivatives very little work has been carried out on it and its structure was not determined until 1945, but in that and the following years a flood of experiments having a... 

Mannitol has often been used as an osmotic regulator in the external solutions, and has been presumed to be inert. It was found to be a respiratory substrate in 15 of 26 species representing 17 families of higher plants, some of which were capable of utilization of mannitol that was equal to that of n-glucose and D-fructose. Oat (Avena sativa), most often used for the cell-wall studies, showed only a slight output of carbon dioxide from labeled mannitol. About 10% of the carbon in the mannitol was converted, with time, into the hemicellulose and cellulose fractions. Only the glucose, and, perhaps, the cellobiose, was labeled.4 ... 

FIGURE 3.3 Effect of TMC-H, TMC-L, and chitosan hydrochloride on the permeability of [14C] mannitol across Caco-2 cell monolayers. The results are expressed as the mean + SD (n = 3). 

Yu L, Milton N, Groleau EG, Mishra DS, Vasickle RE. Existence of a mannitol hydrate during freeze-drying and practical implications. J Pharm Sci 1999 88 196-198. 

Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, O Elia J, Silva R Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide to prevent acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents, N Engl J Med 1994 331 1416-1420. 

For a batch size of 5 L, 587.5 g (3.2 moles) of mannitol is dissolved in 3.5 L of water. Pamidronic acid (31.6 g, 0.133 moles) is mixed with a 1.0 L aliquot of the mannitol solution to form a slurry. The slurry is then transferred into the remainder of the mannitol solution, and stirred for at least 15 min. Aqueous 1 N sodium hydroxide (270 ml) is then added and the mixture is stirred until a clear, colorless solution results. The pH is then adjusted to 6.50.1 using either 1 M aqueous phosphoric acid or 1 N aqueous sodium hydroxide, as needed. The solution is then filtered through a 0.22 micron filter, and filled at 20°C into vials at 4.0 ml (4.172 g)/vial, under sterile conditions. The aqueous solution is frozen at -37°C and lyophilized (20 mbar, 20°-40°C) to yield 1,250 vials, each containing 30 mg of amorphous disodium pamidronate. The vials are sealed under positive nitrogen pressure. The disodium pamidronate is amorphous (noncrystalline) by X-ray diffraction and contains 0.7 wt-% water. 

A low-calorie, noncariogenic sweetener suitable for diabetics is described. It comprises (fructosyl).sub.n mannitol or (fructosyl).sub.n sorbitol (n = 1 to 6), or a mixture of these compounds, and a process for its preparation. Jerusalem artichoke tubers can be used as a raw material. 

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