Of cellulase

Table 1 shows the dry weight of substrate, and amounts of HCl aqueous solution for pretreatment, cellulase and suspension broth for the lactic acid fermentation with ESS. The initially supplied amount of bean curd refuse in dry weight basis was changed from 10 to 150 g to examine the influence of substrate loading. The amount of cellulase was increased against initial substrate loading. And also, the amoimt of 0.1 mol/1 HCl was increased against... 

The cambium was isolated firom spruce (Picea abies) logs felled in October-November. The bark was stripped off, and the cambium was removed by gentle scraping. The isolated cambium was immediately fiozen in liquid nitrogen and fi-eeze-dried. The carbohydrate composition of the isolated cambium was analysed by HPLC after enzymatic hydrolysis using Pectinex Ultra and a mixture of cellulases and hemicellulases (Buchert et al 1993). 

Recovery of cellulases from wheat-straw hydrolysis fermentation broth [83]... 

Biofinishing, or biopolishing as it is more popularly known, is similar to denim washing in its use of cellulase enzymes, although the effects intended are quite different. The process is designed to eliminate, by dissolution, the cellulosic fibrils projecting from the surface of the fabric. This treatment results in [76] ... 

The precise effects obtained are dependent on the fabric quality, the type of cellulase enzyme and the application conditions, but no mechanical forces are involved in removal of the fibrils. The process has attracted considerable attention and is now one of the main methods of defibrillating lyocell fabrics [94,101-114]. Simultaneous treatment with cellulase and protease enzymes has been applied to the biofinishing of wool/cotton blends [115]. 

Application of a mixture of cellulases, pectinases and lignases, again without damage to the wool. 

As surfactants are often used in textile processing, it is important to note that anionic or cationic surfactants can inhibit the action of enzymes, as has been reported in the case of cellulases used for the treatment of cotton [140]. Dyes can also inhibit enzyme activity for example, Cl Direct Red 28 has been shown to have a much greater inhibitory effect than Cl Acid Orange 7 [141]. 

Color care effect, of cellulases, 10 283 Color centers, 7 326t, 337-338 in vitreous silica, 22 437-438 Color/coloring materials, for inks,... 

Water removal on the paper machine has been shown to improve as a result of limited hydrolysis of the fibres in recycled paper. Mixtures of cellulases and hemicellulases were found to decrease the SR-value, which describes the drainage behaviour of the fibres (45), The effect is apparently due to fibrillation or change in the composition of fine particles. 

The titers of cellulase activities found in anaerobic digesters, when compared to the few other "hydrolytic environments" for which analytical data are available, are strikingly low. Table III shows such values for filter paper and carboxymethyl cellulose degrading activities. This evidence seems to indicate that the cellulose degrading enzymes in ... 

Table III. Comparison of Cellulase Activities found in Selected Natural and Conunercial Systems ...

Figures 1 and 2 show positive correlation, although of varying degrees of goodness of fit, between the specific activities of endo ucanase, exoglucanase, and -glucosidase activities with the cellulose composition and degradation in digester feed, respectively. These data indicate a direct relationship between the cellulose content in the feed and cellulase enzyme complex production by the digester consortia. In this system, as in many others studied, cellulose is an effective inducer of cellulase secretion (67,68),...

Current data indicate that the analysis of cellulase enzyme activities may be the best method for determining the projected cellulose conversion of the overall system, and therefore the hydrolytic power of the system under evaluation. With development, the analysis of enzyme activities may also serve as a "real time" method of monitoring the stability of the system, with radical changes in enzyme activities indicative of potential process upset. 

Our early studies dealt with characterization of cellulase from Clostridium thermocellum (4, 5), the first described thermoanaerobe. More recently, we have characterized the saccharidases in three new non-cellulolytic thermoanaerobic species (6-12). Table II compares the general properties of thermophilic saccharidases identified in C. thermosulfurogenes strain 4B (6), C. thermohydrosulfuricum strain 39E (7), and Thermoanaerohacter strain B6A (13). It is worth noting here that... 

A literature survey indicated that very little work has been done to produce an optimal cellulase system as described above. Here, we used solid-state fermentation (SSF) to achieve this objective. SSF processes, such as the "koji" process, have been used extensively for amylase production on wheat bran in Japan its application was extended to cellulase production on wheat bran and Ugnocellulosic materials by Toyama (13), Since then, wheat bran has become an important substrate for producing various products by SSF (14-20), In this study, we tested various lignocellulosic substrates for the production of cellulase and )3-glucosidase from T, reesei QMY-1 by SSF. 

Table IV. Composition of Cellulase Systems of Trlchoderma reesel QMY-1 produced on Wheat Straw and Wheat Bran Under Liquid and Solid-State Fermentation...

Table V. Composition of Cellulase System Produced on Pro-cell with Trichoderma reesei QMY-1 in SSF...

Table VI. Composition of Cellulase Systems Produced in Solid-State Fermentation...

Comparison of Composition of Cellulase Systems of Various Fungi Produced in SSF... 

Hydrolytic Potential of Cellulase Systems Produced with Different Substrates... 

Cost sensitivity studies have shown that the successful commercialization of cellulase-based processes, such as the conversion of cellulose to fermentable sugars, is highly dependent on the cost of enzyme production (i). Because fungal -D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is the most labile enzyme in this system under process conditions (2), and k to efficient saccharification of cellulose, this enzyme was targeted for application of stabilization technology, both through chemical modification and immobilization to solid supports. 

We have recently undertaken a reconsideration of cellulase sequences by analyzing each domain of the sequence separately. Here we describe initial observations and methodologies we are developing for the analysis and comparison of cellulase domains. Novel methods of classification will give greater insight into theoretical, evolutionary and practical approaches to the analysis of cellulase. 

The classification of cellulase sequences into domains allows the further recognition of distinct sequences that characterize each family. To make these sequences evident, one must use multiple sequence alignments of the members of each individual family. We have concentrated on the Microhispora bispora endoglucanase, and present some initial multiple sequence alignments of the catalytic and binding domain families of which it is a member. 

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