Of adriamycin

Antineoplastic Drugs. Cyclophosphamide (193) produces antineoplastic effects (see Chemotherapeutics, anticancer) via biochemical conversion to a highly reactive phosphoramide mustard (194) it is chiral owing to the tetrahedral phosphoms atom. The therapeutic index of the (3)-(-)-cyclophosphamide [50-18-0] (193) is twice that of the (+)-enantiomer due to increased antitumor activity the enantiomers are equally toxic (139). The effectiveness of the DNA intercalator dmgs adriamycin [57-22-7] (195) and daunomycin [20830-81-3] (196) is affected by changes in stereochemistry within the aglycon portions of these compounds. Inversion of the carbohydrate C-1 stereocenter provides compounds without activity. The carbohydrate C-4 epimer of adriamycin, epimbicin [56420-45-2] is as potent as its parent molecule, but is significandy less toxic (139). 

The piaximum concentration of the antibiotic was reached on the 6th day of fermentation. The quantity of adriamycin produced at this time corresponds to a concentration of 15... 

Lee et al. reported a novel and simple method for delivery of adriamycin using self-aggregates of deoxycholic acid modified chitosan. Deoxycholic acid was covalently conjugated to chitosan via a carbodiimide-mediated reaction generating self-aggregated chitosan nanoparticles. Adriamycin was... 

Hyaluronic acid is a linear polysaccharide found in the highest concentrations in soft connective tissues where it fills an important structural role in the organization of the extracellular matrix (23,24). It has been used in ophthalmic preparations to enhance ocular absorption of timolol, a beta blocker used for the treatment of glaucoma (25), and in a viscoelastic tear formulation for conjunctivitis (26). The covalent binding of adriamycin and daunomycin to sodium hy-aluronate to produce water-soluble conjugates was recently reported (27). 

The release of adriamycin from BSA microspheres both with and without magnetic particles present as magnetite was investigated (137). While the presence of drug and/or magnetite had no effect on the size of the hydrated or unhydrated microspheres, the stabilization temperature affected the size of hydrated microspheres. 

Target tissue sections from animals sacrificed at 8 hr and later after dosing showed the presence of microspheres in the extravas-cular interstitial tissue. Changes in red blood cells and damage to other cellular components suggest that the cytotoxic properties of adriamycin have been retained. The microspheres appeared to still be intact for up to 72 hr. 

In a similar study, adriamycin was incorporated into fibrinogen microspheres. In contrast to 5-FU, adriamycin released slowly from the matrix for up to 7 days, with little evidence of burst. This difference is probably attributable to the lack of surface release of adriamycin as evidenced by the unchanged nature of the microsphere surface. 

Mayer, L. D., Hope, M. J., and Cullis, P. R. (1986b). Uptake of adriamycin into large unilamellar vesicles in response to a pH gradient, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 857. 123-126. 

JM Gallo, CT Hung, PK Gupta, DG Perrier. Physiological pharmacokinetic model of adriamycin delivered via magnetic albumin microspheres in the rat. J Pharmacokin Biopharm 17 305-326, 1989. 

Hurwitz, E., Arnon, R., Sahar, E., and Danon, Y. (1983a) A conjugate of adriamycin and monoclonal antibodies to Thy-1 antigen inhibits human neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 417, 125. 

Benzocyclobutenediones are of interest on their own as well as for their usefulness as versatile intermediates. The synthesis of adriamycin analogs has been attempted and the syntheses of the similar tricyclic natural products islandicin 180 and digitopurpurone 181 (Scheme 45) are examples of this approach (77JOC2371). 

This mechanism is now considered to be of importance for the protection of LDL against oxidation stress, Chapter 25.) The antioxidant effect of ubiquinones on lipid peroxidation was first shown in 1980 [237]. In 1987 Solaini et al. [238] showed that the depletion of beef heart mitochondria from ubiquinone enhanced the iron adriamycin-initiated lipid peroxidation whereas the reincorporation of ubiquinone in mitochondria depressed lipid peroxidation. It was concluded that ubiquinone is able to protect mitochondria against the prooxidant effect of adriamycin. Inhibition of in vitro and in vivo liposomal, microsomal, and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation has also been shown in studies by Beyer [239] and Frei et al. [240]. Later on, it was suggested that ubihydroquinones inhibit lipid peroxidation only in cooperation with vitamin E [241]. However, simultaneous presence of ubihydroquinone and vitamin E apparently is not always necessary [242], although the synergistic interaction of these antioxidants may take place (see below). It has been shown that the enzymatic reduction of ubiquinones to ubihydroquinones is catalyzed by NADH-dependent plasma membrane reductase and NADPH-dependent cytosolic ubiquinone reductase [243,244]. 

What is the average intravenous dose of Adriamycin (doxorubicin) for... 

What is the average intravenous dose of Adriamycin (doxorubicin) for a child whose weight is 50 kg and height is 142 cm The average intravenous dose of doxorubicin for a child is 30 mg/m2. 

B. B. Hasinoff, The Interaction of the Cardioprotective Agent ICRF-187 ((+)-1,2-Bis-(3,5-dioxopiperazinyl-l-yl)propane), Its Hydrolysis Product ICRF-198, and Other Chelating Agents with the Fe(III) and Cu(II) Complexes of Adriamycin , Agents Actions 1989, 26, 378-385. 

Das, T.K. and Mazumdar, S., 2000, Effect of Adriamycin on the boundary hpid structure of cytochrome c oxidase pico-second time-resolved fluorescence depolarization studies. Biophys. Chem. 86 15-28... 

Van Helden PD, Wild IJ (1982) Effects of adriamycin on heart and skeletal muscle chromatin. Biochem Pharmacol 31(6) 973-977... 

Fig. 3.10 Square-wave voltammetry of adriamycin adsorbed on mercury electrode. A net response and its forward and backward components. The concentration of adriamycin is 1.72 x 10 " M and the supporting electrolyte is 0.9 M KNO3, pH 4.65. Adriamycin is accumulated during 30 s from unstirred solution, at —0.1 V. sw = 50 mV, / = 10 Hz and AE = —2 mV (reprinted from [190] with permission)...

Fig. 3.11 Dependence of the net peak current of adriamycin (a) and the ratio between the net peak current and frequency (b) on the square-wave frequency. Experimental conditions are as in Figure 3.10 (reprinted from [190] with permission)...

Fluoro Analogues of Antitumour Natural Products Valmbidn (trifluoroacetyladriamycin valerate) (Valstar ), an ester of adriamycin trifluoroace-tylated on the aminoglycosidic fragment, is marketed for the treatment of resistant bladder cancer (Figure 8.7) (cf. Chapter 4). 

Sazuka, Y., Tanizawa, H. andTakino, Y. (1989). Effect of adriamycin on the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in tissues of mice. Journal of Cancer Research, 80 80-94. 

A new derivative of adriamycin, namely (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone of adriamycin was synthesized and conjugated to mAbs via a Michael addition... 

Fig. 9. Synthesis of a targetable dextran-adriamycin conjugate. Note that amino groups were introduced into the dextran structure, whereas the amino group of adriamycin was converted into a carboxylic group. According to [54]...

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