Oceans ocean thermal energy conversion

W. H. Avery, R. W. Blevins, G. L. Dugyer, and E. J. Francis, Executive Summary—Maritime and Construction Aspects of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Plant Ships, Apphed Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., Apr. 1976. 

Fig. 18. Flow schematic of an open-cycle ocean—thermal energy conversion (OTEC) and desalination plant (77), where (—) represents liquids (-),...

One form of solar heat does offer interesting possibilities and is refeiTcd to as OTEC (Ocean-Thermal Energy Conversion). The OTEC power plant principle uses the solar heat of ocean surface water to vaporize ammonia as a working fluid in a Rankine cycle. After the fluid is expanded in the turbine, it is condensed by the 22°C colder... 

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power plants generate electricity by exploiting the difference in temperature between warm water at the ocean surface and colder waters found at ocean depths. To effectively capture this solar energy, a temperature difference of 35°F or more between surface waters and water at depths of up to 3,000 feet is required. This situation can be found in most of the tropical and subtropical oceans around the world that are in latitudes between 20 degrees north and 20 degrees south. 

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Because of its high heat capacity, ammonia is used as the working fluid in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) units. See http //www.nrel.gov/otec/for more information. 

Wave power, tidal power, municipal solid waste, gas from animal wastes (biogas), landfill, peat energy and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) are the other renewable energy sources (RES). Water energy sources are hydropower, tidal and wave technologies. 

The ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is an energy technology that converts solar radiation to electric power. OTEC systems use the ocean s natural thermal gradient to drive a power-prodncing cycle. As long as the temperature between the warm strrface water and the cold deep water differs by about 20 K, an OTEC system can produce a significant amormt of power. The oceans are thus a vast renewable resomce, with the potential to help tts produce billions of watts of electric power. 

Since the oceans comprise over 70% of the earth s surface area, the absorbed solar energy that is stored as latent heat of the oceans represents a very large potential source of energy. As a result of variation in the density of ocean water with temperature, the ocean water temperature is not uniform with depth. Warm surface ocean water with low density tends to stay on the surface and cold water with high density within a few degree of 4°C tends to settle to the depths of the ocean. In the tropics, ocean surface temperatures in excess of 25° C occur. The combination of the warmed surface water and cold deep water provides two different temperature thermal reservoirs needed to operate a heat engine called OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion). Since the temperature difference of the OTEC between the heat source and the heat sink is small, the OTEC power plant cycle efficiency... 

A finite-time ideal Rankine OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion) cycle as shown in Fig. 7.22a operates between a finite heat capacity heat source and a finite heat capacity heat sink. The following information is given ... 

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC). Utilization of ocean temperature differentials between solar-heated surface water and cold deep water as a source of electric power. In tropical areas such differences amount to 35-40°F. A pilot installation now operating near Hawaii utilizes a closed ammonia cycle as a working fluid, highly efficient titanium heat exchangers, and a polyethylene pipe 2000 feet long and 22 inches inside diameter to handle the huge volume of cold water required. Alternate uses for such a system, such as electrolysis of water,... 

NRHL Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion http //www.nrel.gov/otec/whatJitiril... 

One of the more ambitious underseas projects involving syntactic foam is a 23-ton flotation collar that provides 32 tons of buoyancy 46). The part, 5.5 m in diameter and 3 m long, encases cold-water pipes, in an oceanic thermal-energy conversion system being developed by the US Department of Energy it has been tested off the coast of Hawaii, at depths of 915 m. 

P. Bienfang, J. Szyper and others Biogeochemistry time-series at two Hawaii Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) program sites (20°N, 156°W and 21°N, 158°W)... 

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