Ocean navigation

Because of the two Trojan migrations from Arcadia, the Tudors identified closely with the ancient people of the Peloponnese. The Tudors also believed the Trojans to be the great ocean navigators, the Phoenicians, and the descendants of the Cymry. Ancient legends of giant Cornish megalithic builders, cherished as Cymry, confirmed this story. 

Lohmann KJ, Lohmann CMF, Endres CS (2008) The sensory ecology of ocean navigation. J Exp Biol 211 1719-1728... 

As ships ply only between seaports and airplanes fly only between airports, use of ships or airplanes imply the need of multimodal transportation shipments must be picked up from the shipper s premises and delivered to the seaport/airport and, at the other end, they must be picked up from the seaport/airport and delivered to the customer. As an example, consider loaded containers that leave a shipper s facility by truck either directly to port or to a rail yard, from where a train delivers them to port. Next, a ship moves the containers from this port to the destination port. From there they are delivered to the customer by a single or a combination of land transportation means truck, rail, coastal or river navigation. Several intermodal terminals are part of this chain the initial and final sea-port container terminals where containers are transferred between the ocean navigation and land transportation modes, as well as in-land terminals (rail yards, river ports, etc.) providing transfer facilities between the land modes. 

The addition of salt to water increases the viscosity of water. This is caused by the electrostatic attraction between the solutes and water. Because of slight spatial differences in salinity, the viscosity, and, hence, the speed of sound in seawater is also geographically variable. This is of practical consequence because the operation of SONAR (Sound Navigation Ranging) depends on a precise knowledge of the speed of sound in seawater. As described in Chapter 1, World War II made the need for accurate SONAR essential. This demand motivated the first detailed studies of the distribution of salinity and temperature in the ocean, which marked the beginning of the modern age of oceanography. 

This agreement is rather good considering it includes errors due to the ocean, the atmosphere, the AVHRR, the satellite navigation procedure, the ship s thermistor, and the ship s navigational ability. The main reasons for this agreement are that the area was cloud-free, and little advection occurred in the interval between ship measurements and satellite measure-... 

More elaborate models, including the rheology, and the drift of sea ice have to be applied to describe the formation of different ice classes, transports of sea ice, and a forecast potential for ship navigation. Dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice is applied in three-dimensional models of the Baltic Sea by Haapala and Lepparanta (1996), Meier et al., (1999,2(X)2a,b), Lehmann and Hinrichsen (2000), and Schrum et al. (2003). A comprehensive overview of the theory and application of sea ice drift is given by Lepparanta (2005). Models based on the Flexible Model System (FMS), including the Modular Ocean Model (version 4), may also apply a dynamical ice module (Griffies et al., 2004 Balaji, 2004). 

For sea-based reactors near shore the pipelines will go across the bottom ocean to shore terminals for introduction into the land-based pipelines. For reactors farther out at sea, where the ocean is deep, the pipeline will be supported by stable floats about 30 to 50 meters under the surface. For pipeline use, the floats will be tethered to weights on the bottom rather than to floating structures. This will prevent the pipelines from interfering with ocean surface traffic. Submarines will be required to know where the pipelines are located and navigate around them. The shore facilities receiving the gas from the reactor will be essentially identical to existing pijjeline terminal points. 

There is now such a desperate need for humanity to improve its navigational skills on the ocean of life that any aid which can hasten the process should be entertained. Consciousness-altering drugs may be drastic measures, but what could be more drastic than the problems now engulfing the planet Physicians seldom hesitate to prescribe medicines for sickness of the body. Why then, should we not prescribe medicines for sickness of the soul, especially when our very survival is... 

To develop the technology necessary to eliminate the discharge of pollutants in navigable waters and the oceans... 

In April, 1964, a Transit Navigational Satellite was launched in California with a payload that included a Satellite for a Nuclear Auxiliary Power Generator (SNAP-9A) containing 17 kCi (6.3x10 Bq) of plutonium-238. The rocket system failed and the satellite reentered the atmosphere in the Southern Hemisphere and burned over the Indian Ocean at an altitude of about 50 km (Harley 1980). The destruction of the SNAP-9A resulted in the largest single release of plutonium-238 to the atmosphere, primarily in the form of very small oxide particles (Harley 1980). 

Fig. 3.7 Dielectric elastomer ocean wave power generator based on a proof mass, system tested at sea (top) and CAD model of a final system that might be used for supplying power to navigation and scientific buoys (bottom)...

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