Sound Navigation and Ranging

Composites having 1-3 connectivity are successfully exploited in sonar ( sound navigation and ranging ), medical imaging technologies, NDT, etc. Important matters crucial to the satisfactory functioning of a 1-3 composite are briefly summarized below where, to illustrate the ideas, it is assumed the composite is operating as a sonar device, that is under hydrostatic conditions. The subject matter is discussed in detail by W.A. Smith [16]. 

Sound navigation and ranging system (SONIA) record, Arabian Sea, day tectonics with considerable deformation. Distance between A-B is approximating 1600 m, C is a possible small gas seep, W-E compass directions for orientation. (Data from Van Overeem, A.J.A., Marine Geotech., 3,61-84,1978.)... 

Sonar system Sound navigation and ranging system... 

SONAR Acronym for sound navigation and ranging, adapted in the 1940s, involves the use of sound to... 

Sonar, acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging, a detection system based on the reflection of underwater sound waves. A typical sonar system emits ultrasonic pulses by using... 

The addition of salt to water increases the viscosity of water. This is caused by the electrostatic attraction between the solutes and water. Because of slight spatial differences in salinity, the viscosity, and, hence, the speed of sound in seawater is also geographically variable. This is of practical consequence because the operation of SONAR (Sound Navigation Ranging) depends on a precise knowledge of the speed of sound in seawater. As described in Chapter 1, World War II made the need for accurate SONAR essential. This demand motivated the first detailed studies of the distribution of salinity and temperature in the ocean, which marked the beginning of the modern age of oceanography. 

The term sonochemistry indicates the use of sound waves to generate chemical and physical effects which can be harnessed in multiple applications (Fig. 1). Although such effects can be obtained at a wide range of frequencies, the word sonochemical is invariably linked to ultrasound, i.e. sound we cannot hear (typically above 20 kHz). Natural phenomena are good sources of both ultrasonic (e.g. animal communication or navigation) and infrasonic waves (such as earthquakes and tidal motion). Ultrasonics is currently of interest to lay people because of medical imaging, metal cleaning, industrial and dental drills and non-destructive material characterisation. 

Text-to-speech systems have an enormous range of applications. Their first real use was in reading systems for the blind, where a system would read some text from a book and convert it into speech. These early systems of course sounded very mechanical, but their adoption by blind people was hardly surprising as the other options of reading braille or having a real person do the reading were often not possible. Today, quite sophisticated systems exist that facilitate human computer interaction for the blind, in which the TTS can help the user navigate around a windows system. 

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