Occupancy factors

Because housewives and children may spend all of their time indoors, we used an occupancy factor of 100%. For other occupants this may drop to about 80% and the dose equivalent rate will drop accordingly. 

Annanmaki (1978) studied the transfer of Rn from water to air. By applying occupancy factors for different areas in the house, he found that 1 Bq m 3 in household water would result in 1.4x10 Bqm 3 in breathing air. By applying this transfer factor, the highest Rn-222 concentrations in air due to well water is 1000 Bq m 3. 

An equilibrium factor of 0.35, derived from measurements made during the local surveys, has been assumed to typify conditions in UK dwellings. This value has been used to convert the average radon concentrations measured in the national survey to potential alpha-energy concentration of radon decay-products. On average, persons in the UK spend 75% of their time in their homes and 15% of their time elsewhere indoors (Brown, 1983). The occupancy factor of 0.75, together with an equilibrium factor of 0.35, results in an annual exposure of 1.3 10"5 J h m"3 (0.0037 Working Level Months,... 

Brown, L., National Radiation Surveys in the UK Indoor Occupancy Factors, Rad. Prot. Dosim. 5 321-323 (1983). 

The studies involved determining appropriate environmental pathways that would result in exposure to humans, determining appropriate occupancy factors (number and distribution) within structures, characterizing the source term for each property, selecting an appropriate set of health risk coefficients, calculating health effects, and providing summary reports of potential health effects for each vicinity property. 

Before standards for indoor exposure to radon can be formally established, work is necessary to determine whether remedies are feasible and what is likely to be involved. Meanwhile, the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (RCEP) in the UK has considered standards for indoor exposure to radon decay products (RCEP, 1984). For existing dwellings, the RCEP has recommended an action level of 25 mSv in a year and that priority should be given to devising effective remedial measures. An effective dose equivalent of 25 mSv per year is taken to correspond to an average radon concentration of about 900 Bq m 3 or an average radon decay-product concentration of about 120 mWL, with the assumption of an equilibrium factor of 0.5 and an occupancy factor of 0.83. 

In reality, very few spinels have exactly the normal or inverse structure, and these are called mixed spinels. The cation distribution between the two sites is a function of a number of parameters, including temperature. This variability is described by an occupation factor, X, which gives the fraction of B3+ cations in tetrahedral... 

The exclusion method also includes instances in which drug candidates are themselves excluded from causation status because a nondrug etiology is clearly demonstrable (environmental or occupational factors, radiation injury, the underlying disease of the patient, or a comorbid state) that can reasonably account for the clinicopathology findings. 

Fig. 60. A stereo view of one of the hydrogen-bonded networks of water molecules at the surface of the rubredoxin molecule [ adapted from Watenpaugh et al. (1978), Fig. 7, with permission]. The size of the waters is proportional to their occupancy factors, so that the most well-ordered waters are shown largest.

The dynamic disorder in the interlayers of LDHs is also confirmed by single crystal XRD, since the interlayer anions and water molecules generally have occupancy factors less than unity and elevated temperature/displace-ment factors [172],... 

There are two approaches to map crystal charge density from the measured structure factors by inverse Fourier transform or by the multipole method [32]. Direct Fourier transform of experimental structure factors was not useful due to the missing reflections in the collected data set, so a multipole refinement is a better approach to map charge density from the measured structure factors. In the multipole method, the crystal charge density is expanded as a sum of non-spherical pseudo-atomic densities. These consist of a spherical-atom (or ion) charge density obtained from multi-configuration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) calculations [33] with variable orbital occupation factors to allow for charge transfer, and a small non-spherical part in which local symmetry-adapted spherical harmonic functions were used. 

Ahrens W, Jockel K, Patzak W, et al. 1991. Alcohol, smoking, and occupational factors in cancer of the larynx A case control study. Am J Ind Med 20 477-493. 

Maier H, Devries N, Show G. 1991. Occupational factors in the aetiology of head and neck cancer. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 16(4) 406-412. 

Table 3. Occupation factors of selenium in atomic sites of various Se Sg species...

Fig. 2. The unit cell contents of Se Si2 n as completed to show full molecules (c horizontal, b vertical). Atomic coordinates are according to Weiss and Bachtler f Of the four independent atomic sites two (2 and 4) are occupied by sulfur only while the other two (1 and 3) are occupied by both sulfur and selenium. The occupation factor of selenium in these sites is 25 %...

No tenperature and occupancy factors are given in the original paper. 

Cyclodextrin Site of water Occupancy factor Average number of water... 

Bigelow PL, Janell J, Young MR, Keefe TJ, Love EJ (1998) Association of semen quality and occupational factors comparison of case-control analysis of continuous variables. Fertil Steril, 69 11-18. 

Adiabatic and Condon." Since the Condon approximation separates the electronic and the vibrational parts of the problem (see Section 10c), most of the papers using this approximation emphasize the latter aspect. Specifically, they analyze the so-called Franck-Condon overlap integrals [the (Xm X ) of Eq. (42)] and the occupancy factors of these vibrational levels. Such analyses include (1) the influence of mode type and/or number as well as... 

The single hydrogen of the trianion was found to occupy only one of the two octahedral sites rather than being randomly disordered in the crystalline state in both octahedral sites, with an occupancy factor of 0.5 for each position. This observed crystal ordering of the polar C v trianions, which are identically oriented... 

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