Nucleosome-remodeling factor

Durr H, Korner C, Muller M, Hickmann V, Hopfner KP (2005) X-ray structures of the Sulfolobus solfataricus SW12/SNF2 ATPase core and its complex with DNA. Cell 121 363-373 Eberharter A, Becker PB (2004) ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelling factors and functions. J Cell Sci 117 3707-3711... 

Varga-Weisz PD, Becker PB (2006) Regulation of higher-order chromatin structures by nucleosome-remodelling factors. Curr Opin Genet Dev 16 151-156... 

Mizuguchi, G. and Wu, C. (1999) Nucleosome remodeling factor NURF and in vitro transcription of chromatin. Methods Mol. Biol. 119, 333-342. 

Tsukiyama, T. and Wu, C. (1995) Purification and properties of an ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling factor. Cell 83, 1011-1020. 

Mizuguchi, G., Tsukiyama, T., Wisniewski, J., and Wu, C. (1997) Role of nucleosome remodeling factor NURF in transcriptional activation of chromatin. Mol. Cell 1, 141-150. 

Wang, H.-B. and Zhang, Y. (2001) Mi2, an auto-antigen for dermatomyositis, is an ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling factor. Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 2517-2521. 

The RNA polymerase II acquires several special elongation factors, some of which assist the enzyme in dealing with pause sites in the DNA. The accessory proteins (which include nucleosome remodeling factors and a specific elongation factor called FACT) also help RNA polymerase II to pass through nucleosomal arrays in in vitro studies. 

MECHANICS OF NUCLEOSOME REMODELLING BY ATP-DEPENDENT CHROMATIN REMODELLING FACTORS... 

Brehm A, Langst G, Kehle J, Qapier CR, Imhof A, Eberharter A, Muller J, Becker PB (2000) dMi-2 and ISWl chromatin remodelling factors have distinct nucleosome binding and mobilization properties. Embo J 19 4332-4341... 

Grune T, Brzeski J, Eberharter A, Clapier CR, Corona DF, Becker PB, Muller CW (2003) Crystal structure and functional analysis of a nucleosome recognition module of the remodeling factor ISWl. Mol Cell 12 449-460... 

Angelov D, Molla A, Perche PY, Hans F, Cote J, Khochbin S, Bouvet P, Dimitrov S (2003) The histone variant macroH2A interferes with transcription factor binding and SWI/SNF nucleosome remodeling. Mol Cell 11 1033-1041... 

Langst, G. and Becker, P.B. (2001) Nucleosome mobilization and positioning by ISWI-containing chromatin remodelling factors. J. Cell. Sci. 114, 2561-2568. 

Travers, A.A. (2003) Priming the nucleosome a role for HMGB proteins EMBO Rep. 4, 131-136. Katsani, K.R., Mahmoudi, T., and Verrijzer, C.P. (2003) Selective gene regulation by SWI/SNF related chromatin remodeling factors. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 274, 113-142. 

Brehm, A., Langst, G., Kehle, J., Clapier, C.R., Imhof, A., Eberharter, A., Muller, J., and Becker, P.B. (2000) dMi-2 and ISWI chromatin remodeling factors have distinct nucleosome binding and mobilization properties. EMBO J. 19, 4332-4341. 

Histone chaperones bind histones and facilitate their proper deposition onto DNA by preventing nonspecific histone-DNA interactions (17). Two major histone chaperones are CAF-1 and NAP-1. CAF-1 localizes to the replication fork by binding PCNA and facilitates the deposition of histones H3 and H4 onto the newly synthesized DNA strands (18,19). Subsequently, NAP-1 facilitates the deposition of histones H2A and H2B to complete the nucleosome (20). Using in vitro nucleosome assembly and nuclease digestion mapping assays, it was shown that the periodic spacing of nucleosomes requires the function of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors, such as the ACF/ISWI complex (16, 21). 

Chromatin remodeling factors - These are proteins that enable promoter regions to be able to accept the RNA polymerase complex and bulky machinery depicted in Figure 28.24. Examples of chromatin remodeling factors include the SWI/SNF complex from yeast and the NURF complex from Drosophila. Both require ATP hydrolysis to carry out their task. The two complexes do not seem to remove nucleosomes from the DNA, but rather "open" them in some way. 

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