Nucleic acid, viii

Venner, H., and C. Zimmer Studies on nucleic acids VIII. Changes in the stability of DNA secondary structure by interaction with divalent metal ions. Biopolymers 4, 321 (1966). 

JossB, J., Kaiser, A. D., Kornberg, a. Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyiibo-nucleic acid. VIII. Frequencies of nearest neighl base sequences in deoxyribonucleic acid, J. Biol. Chem. 238, 864 (1961). 

Figure 6. Reaction Mechanism and Formation of Protonated N-Hydroxy Arylamines (VIII). RNH2, N2-guanine- and N8-adenine-nucleic acids ROH, 06-guanine-nucleic acids RCH, C8-guanine- and C8-adenine-nucleic acids.

Tipson, R. Stuart, The Chemistry of the Nucleic Acids, I, 193-245 Tipson, R. Stuart, Sulfonic Esters of Carbohydrates, VIII, 107-215... 

Most of this section will be devoted to summarizing information relating to the stability constants reported for complexes of this group of Ca2+-binding ligands. However, we shall precede this main part with a short mention of a few relevant structures. Other properties of calcium phosphates and phosphonates will be mentioned in Sections VIII.B.4 and VIII.D below. An overall view of complexes of nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids is available (670). 

Crooke, S.T. (1998b) Vitravene—another piece in the mosaic. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 8, vii-viii. 

An obvious means by which to increase the affinity of a molecule for DNA is to link the molecule to a short segment of nucleic acid. Such a plan has been pursued by Paoletti and co-workers (129,130). To prepare the tetrathymidylate-ellipticine conjugate 348, these workers synthesized the appropriate ox-azolopyridocarbazole carboxylic acid, as described previously (i.e., 267), and coupled it to the appropriate tetradeoxynucleotide. A second method of linking ellipticine to a nucleic acid involves condensation of the aldehyde moiety of 3 -apurinic octathymidylate with 9-aminoellipticine, followed by reduction of the imine with sodium cyanoborohydride (130). This reaction is depicted in a different context in Scheme 66 (see Section VIII). 

Lehmann, M. S., Koetzle, T. F. and Hamilton, W. (1972). Precision neutron diffraction structure determination of protein and nucleic acid components. VIII. Crystal and molecular structure of the /3-form of the amino acid, L-glutamic acid. J. Cryst. Mol. Struct., 2, 225-33. [50]... 

It was in 1910 that Levene and Jacobs first applied the classical cyanohydrin synthesis to o-ribose (I), a five carbon atom aldehyde sugar (aldopentose) which had become more readily available through their earlier research on nucleic acids. Two new aldohexoses were thus obtained in sirupy form, and characterized by suitable crystalline derivatives. To one of these sugars was given the name allose, with configuration V, because it should be oxidizable readily to allomucic acid (VIII). The latter is an optically inactive, dibasic acid, described by... 

Wion KL, Tuddenham EGD, Lawn RM. A new polymorphism in the factor VIII gene for prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia A. Nucleic Acid Res 1986 14 4535-4542. 

Monomers (VII) and (VIII) have been studied the most extensively. The original work on polymerizing (VII) lead to an intractable. Insoluble, cyclopolymerlzed polymer (40) but subsequent work lead to linear, water soluble polymers (jH, ). Monomer (Vlll) readily polymerizes under free radical conditions to form linear, water soluble polymers ( J,, ). The polymers of (Vll) and (Vlll) form complexes with each other in a manner similar to the natural nucleic acids (.25,2 and they do show antitumor activity against murine leukemia virus (45,46). 

Fig. 7.2. Modified nucleotides to which primary labels can be attached (I—III) and nonradioactive primary labels (IV—VIII), Photohaptens (IX) are readily attached to nucleic acids. Particularly popular are DIG-11-dUTP (VI) and fluorescein-12-dUTP. Bases 1—III contain both a linker and a reactive amino group. Usually an extra linker is included to improve further accessibility (e.g., VI and VIII). Although linkers are a necessity for biotin, they are not absolutely required for the detection by labeled antibody (BrdU (IV), AAF (VID). Similarly, trinitrophenyl-glutathione (TNP-GSH) readily reacts with mercuricytosine (V) and the TNP can be detected using specific antibody. R2 in VII can be either an H (AAF) or an I (AAIF).

In the fields of molecular associations, G. Port and A. Pullman have determined the location of the main hydration sites in the purinic and pyrimidinic bases of nucleic acids 77>. An expansion of the electrostatic potential somewhat different from those reported in Chap. VIII was employed 78>. The results show that association with a water molecule is preferred in every case on the ring plane, with well evidenced minima. 

K., and Ide, H. (2002) Novel repair activities of AlkA (3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase II) and endonuclease VIII for xanthine and oxanine, guanine lesions induced by nitric oxide and nitrous acid. Nucleic Acids Res., 30, 4975-4984. 

Sauer S, Lechner D, Berlin K, etal. A novel procedure for efficient genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Nucleic Acids Res 2000 28 E13 pp i-viii. 

Occurrence, D-Ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose comprise the carbohydrate constituents of nucleic acids, which are found in all plant and animal cells. In general, the ribonucleic acids are found in the cytoplasm and the deoxyribonucleic acids in the nucleus (Chapter VIII). The 5-thiomethyl analog of D-ribose also is a constituent of yeast nucleic acid. 

Not only is it a constituent of the nucleic acids but also of several vitamins and coenzymes (Chapters VIII and XIII). The sugar occurs in these natural products in the furanose modification. Solutions of ribose probably contain considerable quantities of the furanose form, and the mutarotation is complex and exhibits a minimum. Its metabolism is discussed in Chapters XIII and XIV. 

Nucleoproteins consist of basic proteins in saltlike linkages with nucleic acids (Chapter VIII). Because nucleoproteins are probably present in all cells and vital to growth, there is tremendous biological interest in the histochemical detection of the nucleic acids. Chromosomes, sperm heads, and certain viruses consist largely of nucleoprotein. Two nucleic acid types occur in plant and animal cells deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), typically present in the nucleus, and ribonucleic acid (RNA), typically found in the cytoplasm and in the nucleolus (see, however. Chapter VIII). Both contain phosphoric acid groups and purine and pyrimidine bases but differ in the pentose moieties. 

Butel, J.S. 1973. Infectious nucleic acids of tumor viruses. In Methods in Cancer Research. VIII 287-331, H. Busch, ed. New York Academic Press. 

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