Nuclear power plant control

Suppose an interstate highway passes 1 km perpendicular distance from a nuclear power plant control room air intake on which 10 trucks/day pass carrying 10 tons bf chlorine each. Assume the probability of truck accident is constant at l.OE-8/mi, but if an accident occurs, the full cargo is released and the chlorine flashes to a gas. Assume that the winds are isotropically distributed with mean values of 5 mph and Pasquill "F" stability class. What is the probability of exceeding Regulatory Guide 1-78 criteria for chlorine of 45 mg/m (15 ppm). 

Kinkade, R. G., Anderson, J. (1984). Human Factors Guide for Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Development, Electric Power Research Institute NP-3659. 

NRC (2001), Assumptions for Evaluating the Habitability of a Nuclear Power Plant Control Room During a Postulated Hazardous Chemical Release, Regulatory Guide 1.78, December. 

Another potential use for holmium is a result of its very unusual and strong magnetic properties. It has been used in alloys with other metals to produce some of the strongest magnetic fields ever produced. Holmium also has some limited use in the manufacture of control rods for nuclear power plants. Control rods limit the number of neutrons available to cause the fission of uranium in nuclear reactors, thus controlling the amount of energy produced in the plant. 

In nuclear fission, neutron bombardment causes a nucleus to split, releasing neutrons that split other nuclei to produce a chain reaction. A nuclear power plant controls the rate of the chain reaction to produce heat that creates steam, which is used to generate eiectricity. Potential hazards, such as radiation leaks, thermal pollution, and disposal of nuclear waste, remain current concerns. Nuclear fusion holds great promise as a source of clean abundant energy, but it requires extremely high temperatures and is not yet practical. 

Lawless, M. L., Laughery, K. R., and Persensky, J. J. (1995), Micro Saint to Predict Performance in a Nuclear Power Plant Control Room A Test of Validity and Feasibility, NUREG/CR-6159, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, August. 

AR361 1.78 Evaluating the habitability of a nuclear power plant control room during a postulated... 

Integration of hardware and human element into one common unit responsible for nuclear power plant control is fairly natural nowadays. In this unit, hiunan and machine, diversified by substance, frequently provide redimdancy each other 1) as soon as human element fads, the technology identifies abnormal status and reacts either as source of information for the hmnan, or as automatic back-to-normal response provider 2) as soon as technology fails, human receives corresponding symptoms and takes adequate measures on the way of putting the technology hack to standard operation. 

Regulatory Guide 1.95,"Protection of Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Operators against an Accidental Chlorine Release", Revision 1, U.s. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, January 1977. 

NUREG/CR-3217, "Near-Term Improvements for Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Annunciator Systems", U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, April 1983. 

A nuclear power plant controls the rate of the chain reaction to produce heat that creates steam, which is used to generate electricity. 

NUREG/CR-3217, "Near -term improvements for nuclear power plant control room annunciator systems," issued April 1983. 

Green, M.A. and Livingston, A.D. (1992). Procedures development common deficiencies and possible solutions. In International Atomic Energy Authority International Working Group on Nuclear Power Plant Control and Instrumentation, Specialist Meeting on Operating Procedures for Nuclear Power Plants and Their Presentation, Vienna, Austria. 

A B Keats. "A Trial Pulse-coded Logic Automatic Shutdown System", IAEA Symposium on Nuclear Power Plant Control and Instrumentation, Munich 1982, Paper No IAEA-SM-265/29. 

GALLANGER J.N., IAEA Guidelines and lEC recomendations for design of nuclear power plant control and instrumentation systems. 

Hogg D.N., Folesso K., Strand-Volden F. Torralba B., Development of a situation awareness measure to evaluate advanced alarm systems in nuclear power plant control room , Ergonomic, 38(1 l)pp. 2394-2413. Hollnagel E., 1998. Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method, CREAM, Edition Oxford Elsevier Science. 

Nuclear power plants — Control rooms — Safety measures. 2. Nuclear power plants — Instruments. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. 

Beare, A.N., Dorris, R.E., Bovell, C.R., Crowe, D.S. Kozinsky, E.J., A simulator-based study of human errors in nuclear power plant control rooms tasks, Sandia National Laboratories, NUREG/CR-2254, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington DC, 1984. 

---