Nuclear gauge

Weber, Application of Nuclear Gauging Techniques to the High Speed Automatic Detection of Letter Bombs , IRT Rpt 4617-007, IRT Corp, PO Box 80817, San Diego, Calif (1978) 23) H. Weber et al, Automated Inspection Device for Explosive Charge in Shells—A1DECS , IRT Rpt 8155-033, IRT Corp, PO Box 80817, San Diego, Calif (1979)... 

Certain of the transplutonium elements are used extensively in nuclear gauges and in many other fields as well. Industrial-scale production of these man-made elements requires development and application of appropriate recovery, separation, and purification processes. 

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of a nuclear gauge for moisture measurement of hulk materials. (Adapted from Nuclear-Chicago Corporation.)...

Density Nuclear gauges are the norm for density measurement. Nuclear density instruments require nuclear handling permits in most countries. Note that there are now some types that use very low level sources that do not require nuclear licensing. Density gauges should be recalibrated regularly as they are subject to drifting. Small flow applications may be able to use a coriolis meter to measure both mass and percent solids with one instrument. 

Figure 1.17 Types and representative nuclear gauges for density determination, (a) Direct transmission, (b) backscatter and (c) backscatter/air gap method.

Nuclear gauge densitometry (Nedeltchev et al. 2011 Shaikh and Al-Dahhan... 

Nedeltchev S, Shaikh A, Al-Dahhan M. (2011) Flow regime identification in a bubble column via nuclear gauge densitometry and chaos analysis. Chem. Eng. Technol., 34 225-233. 

One of the major problans in the production of film by extrusion is the maintenance of uiuform thickness throughout the width of the film. To allow for variance in the die opeiung, the die lips are equipped with adjustment bolts along the width of the die. Although the measuranents and adjustments can be made manually, the latest technique is to use a 3-ray nuclear gauge scanner uctoss the width of the film to monitor the film thickness and instantly indicate the need for adjustments in the die lips. Automatic controllers can also be tied in with the scanners to allow the fastest response. Other types of scanners use X-iay and infrared sensors to accomplish the same purpose. 

Burton, B. S. Take a Look at Nuclear Gauges. Instr. Control Systems. December (1976) 41. 

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Practical Radiation Safety Manual on Nuclear Gauges, IAEA-PRSM-3 (Rev. 1), IAEA, Vienna (1996). 

Starting from a completely different angle, namely, the nuclear Lagrangean and the requirement of local gauge invariance, we have shown in Section IV.B... 

Now the Lagrangean associated with the nuclear motion is not invariant under a local gauge transformation. Eor this to be the case, the Lagrangean needs to include also an interaction field. This field can be represented either as a vector field (actually a four-vector, familiar from electromagnetism), or as a tensorial, YM type field. Whatever the form of the field, there are always two parts to it. First, the field induced by the nuclear motion itself and second, an externally induced field, actually produced by some other particles E, R, which are not part of the original formalism. (At our convenience, we could include these and then these would be part of the extended coordinates r, R. The procedure would then result in the appearance of a potential interaction, but not having the field. ) At a first glance, the field (whether induced internally... 

However, this procedure depends on the existence of the matrix G(R) (or of any pure gauge) that predicates the expansion in Eq. (90) for a full electronic set. Operationally, this means the preselection of a full electionic set in Eq. (129). When the preselection is only to a partial, truncated electronic set, then the relaxation to the truncated nuclear set in Eq. (128) will not be complete. Instead, the now tmncated set in Eq. (128) will be subject to a YM force F. It is not our concern to fully describe the dynamics of the truncated set under a YM field, except to say (as we have already done above) that it is the expression of the residual interaction of the electronic system on the nuclear motion. 

In Chapter IV, Englman and Yahalom summarize studies of the last 15 years related to the Yang-Mills (YM) field that represents the interaction between a set of nuclear states in a molecular system as have been discussed in a series of articles and reviews by theoretical chemists and particle physicists. They then take as their starting point the theorem that when the electronic set is complete so that the Yang-Mills field intensity tensor vanishes and the field is a pure gauge, and extend it to obtain some new results. These studies throw light on the nature of the Yang-Mills fields in the molecular and other contexts, and on the interplay between diabatic and adiabatic representations. 

The principal weighing technologies in use currently are mechanical, hydraulic, strain-gauge, electromagnetic force compensation, and nuclear. 

Fig. 23. Nuclear radiation level gauge, using an Ohmart-type ceU stack.

Initially, DADC polymers were used in military aircraft for windows of fuel and deicer-fluid gauges and in glass-fiber laminates for wing reinforcements of B-17 bombers. Usage in impact-resistant, lightweight eyewear lenses has grown rapidly and is now the principal appHcation. Other uses include safety shields, filters for photographic and electronic equipment, transparent enclosures, equipment for office, laboratory, and hospital use, and for detection of nuclear radiation. 

DeCarli, P.S., D.C. Erlich, L.B. Hall, R.G. Bly, A.L. Whitson, D.D. Keough, and D. Curran (1976), Stress-Gauge System for the Megabar (100 GPa) Range. Defense Nuclear Agency Report No. DNA 4066F, unpublished. 

The ability of nuclear radiation to eject electrons from atoms and ions can be used to measure its intensity. Becquerel first gauged the intensity of radiation by determining the degree to which it blackened a photographic film. The blackening results from the same redox processes as those of ordinary photography, such as... 

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