Novelty filter

Potential applications of photorefractive materials are manifold. To date, demonstrated effects include real time holography, correlation filtering, and various "novelty filter applications, one of which is the development of a microscope which distinguishes moving objects (such as living cells) from a stationary background.(149) The latter application employed BaTiC>3 as the active material. 

There are other applications of photorefractive materials that have been investigated, including associative optical memories that identify a clear image from a corrupted input [1], novelty filters to detect only changing features in an image [2], and neural networking in analogy with the human brain [3],... 

Other applications that were recently demonstrated with photorefractive polymers include homodyne detection of ultrasonic surface displacements using two-wave mixing [115]. With the development of new photorefractive polymers with response times in the millisecond range, numerous optical processing techniques can be performed at video rates. Image amplification and novelty filtering at video rates were demonstrated recently [116]. All-optical processing techniques compete with computational methods. Therefore, it is important that photorefractive polymers exhibit faster response times in the future. 

An interesting development beyond the FLC OASLM is the a-Si novelty filter [78]. This device uses an OASLM like structure to perform a simple motion detection to measure the difference between image frames. Rather than use the FLC material as a direct modulation medium, it uses the surface-stabilized characteristics of the FLC as a form of optic memory. The optical modulation of the FLC material is also converted from a polarization effect to an amplitude effect by the inclusion of a pleochroic dye with the FLC material. 

Figure 68. Operation of the a-Si novelty filter (adapted from [78]).

Optical Correlation, Imaging through Scattering Media, and Novelty Filtering. Using a photorefractive polymer, optical correlation can be made all-optical, eliminating the need for a computer or any other such devices. Such a device was demonstrated in a 100-yum-thick photorefractive polymer using a... 

In conclusion, the process allowed early recognition of lead novelty and has become an effective filtering function after a preliminary dereplication. In addition, the procedure provided adequate amounts of pure metabolites which allow proper chemical and biological characterization. The operation is semiautomated which makes leads generation faster, cheaper, and more efficient. 

Sarkar et al. [32] report the use of MAS for single-bead NMR . A simple molecule on Wang resin 1 (Fig. 3) was fully 13C-labeled. A 13C-filtered H NMR spectrum was then recorded for a single bead. The isotope editing eliminates the interferences from solvents and contaminants, allowing the signal to be observed. The only information obtained is the resonance for the methyl protons directly attached to the labeled carbon, making this experiment mainly a novelty. 

Experimental evidence suggests that hydrogen sulphide, which is present in the product gas at concentrations of some lOOppmv, does not cause irreversible deactivation to the catalyst particle layer in the filter candle, although it certainly reduces its activity [108]. However, at such levels, its presence can be expected to cause more serious problems for the anodes of fuel cells, for which well-defined threshold limits have yet to be specified because of the novelty of such applications concentrations not exceeding a few ppmv have nevertheless been recommended for operation at temperatures below 1000 °C [109]. 

Generating and filtering major phenotypic novelties neoGoldschmldtian saltation revisited, pp. 109-159 in Cronk, Q. C. B., Bateman, R. M., and Hawkins, J. A. (eds.). Developmental Genetics and Plant Evolution. London Taylor and Francis. 

Regarding novelty, already available compounds will usually be filtered out. The next step may be the removal of all compoimds known from public databases. It should be noted that higher level evaluations, for example, against the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), are done rather on library/scaffold than on compound level. Determination of novelty... 

Other investigators use the Z score as an additional filter or as the primary filter [18,52,4,6], and we foUow their steps. The novelty in the present protocol is the combined use of global and local Z scores to assess the accuracy of the prediction. This filtering mechanism was found to provide improved discrimination as compared with a single Z score test. 

SO -NO -Rox-Box (SNRB), This process is based on the well known technologies of induct injection of a calcium- or sodium-based sorbent for SO2 removal and SCR with ammonia for NO, control. Its novelty is in conducting the two operations, plus fly ash collection, in the same system. The sorbent is injected into the flue gas either before or after the economizer and reacts with SO2 in both the ducts and the filtercake on the cloth filter bags. Ammonia is injected into the flue gas and reacts with NO, on a catalyst suspended within the filter bags. The filter is operated hot (425°-470°C) to accelerate the reactions and as a result, a special high-temperature, woven-ceramic filter bag material is required. Low exit SO2 and SO3 concentrations may permit lower air preheater exit temperatures and greater... 

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