Normalized graph

There are a variety of ways to describe the droplet population. Figures 14-88 and 14-90 illustrate one of the most common methods, the plot of cumulative volume against droplet size on log-normal graph paper. This satisfies the restraint of not extrapolating to a negative drop size. Its other advantages are that it is easy to plot, the results are easy to visualize, and it yields a nearly straight line at lower drop sizes. 

In the numerical simulation, we take a random graph of n = 1000 vertices with edge density varied accordingly to sparse graphs (p = 0.1), normal graphs... 

After normalization of the results (Figure 18.9), three impact categories turned out to be very important for both techniques fossil fuels, respiratory inorganic, and climate change. According to the normalization graph, the environmental load of SPE is slightly lower than that of LLE. 

FIGURE 18.9 Normalization graphs of the LCIA phase in LCA for two analytical techniques (SPE and LLE) used to estimate PCB and PAH in surface water.11... 

FIGURE 18.11 Comparison of LCIA results for SPE and LLE techniques used to estimate PCB and PAH levels in surface water within damage categories (a) characterization graphs, (b) normalization graphs, (c) results of LCIA after weighting, and (d) results of LCIA-cumulated indicator (single score). 

For these distribution functions special graph papers are available, in which the curves become straight lines (Figure 22). If it is not intended to use the parameters obtained by plotting the results as one of the above mentioned functions for calculation of the specific surface, for example, it is preferable to plot the distribution curves on normal graph paper with linear or—particularly for wide distributions—logarithmic abscissa. Such presentations are usually more descriptive. 

In this simulation, the lower graph (solid line) represents the flip-flop situation. Because of a larger value for the elimination rate constant, the flip-flop graph has both a smaller AUC and a smaller (Cp)max than the normal graph. However, both the regular and flip-flop curves have the same shape and the same tmax (0.305 h). 

Extension of PCM to potentiometry and extraction has been reported [30,31]. The number of species formed in the organic phase in extraction may be found by use of normalized graphs [32] or suitable computer programs such as LETAGROP-DISTR [33] and EXLET [34], whereas even minor species can be searched in this way [35]. The limitations of this approach were previously discussed. 

Integration of the exothermic peak the non-isothermal crystallization can give the relative degree of crystallinity as function time. Figure 14.7 shows the normalized graph of relative crystallinity % V5. time for nylon-6 and nanocomposite samples (replica 1). Though nucleation occurs earlier the crystals in nanocomposites grow very slowly compared with the neat nylon-6 sample. 

This paper refers, among others, to some similarities inherent in the course of some normalized graphs plotted on the basis of titration curves obtained from PT and CT made for the pair of solutions titrand (solution titrated, D), and titrant (titrating solution, T), containing the same acid HL, with identical concentration, C mol/L, in D and T the only difference in D and T lies in the solvent composition that affects the changes in pH and conductivity of D+T mixture it is the most principal novelty of the titrimetric procediue. The results obtained from PT and CT will be modeled, for comparative purposes, with use of polynomial functions. However, the modehng is made only to compare the experimental data obtained at different values of (a) initial volumes (Vq) of D and (b) increments (AV) of T applied in PT and CT. Furthermore, after this introductory step, we aimed to apply the models with minimal or none additional parameters needed to compare the data in PT and CT. 

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