Normalization by division

Fig. 26. Limiting current as a function of support ratio. Current has been normalized by division by 2z AFD1c°IL.

Fig. 28. Change in the electrode surface concentrations as the steady state is approached. Time is normalized by division by L2ID.

Fig. 13.21 Calibration curves for quantitative analysis of alkaloids in delphinium plant material. Standards (DELT, deltaline MLA, methyllycaconitine) were prepared in chloroform and then diluted into electrospray flow solvent and analyzed by FI-ESI-MS. The area count of the alkaloid (Area X) is normalized by division by the area count of the internal standard (Area ISTD).

In Figure 3(a), the curve obtained in CA for the EfCjEr reaction mechanism (Eqs. 30-32) is depicted for A i = 10 s. A plot of isft versus log t as shown in Figure 3(b) can eliminate the time dependence of the current due to the growth of the diffusion layer. In the plot shown in Figure 3(c), the iy/i values are normalized by division with the constant i /i value obtained at / < 2 ms, where the influence of the follow-... 

For some applications, the F ratio is normalized by division by 0.293. This means that the normalized parameter F = F/0.293 like F is zero in the KP zone for an ErCi mechanism, but one in the DP zone. A particular simple approach for the determination of rate constants by DPSC is based on the measurement of the step time To.5 at which F is equal to 0.5 (i.e., F = 0.1464). For the ErQ mechanism, the equation log A0.5 = log(kTo.5) = -0.393 holds this is illustrated by the dotted lines in Figure 5. Thus, the rate constant k can easily be calculated as 0.405/to,5. Similar simple relationships have been obtained for other mechanisms, and they are included in Table 1. 

Figure 8 Plots of C signal intensities versus cross-polarization contact time for methanol and dimethyl ether on zeolite HZSM-5. Intensities were normalized by division by the intensity obtained for each species in a direct 90° flip-observe experiment. Note that in this case the cross-polarization signals are less intense than the Bloch decay signals for all choices of the contact time (CT).

The phase transfer factor P (cf. Sec. 1.4.6) in on-line dialysis may be conveniently expressed by the dialysis factor, defined as the output concentration of the detector channel. Q, normalized by division with the initial sample channel concentration, Cs [5]. The phase transfer efficiency may also be described using dialysis percentage by multiplying the dialysis factor with 100. 

Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the right or left ventricle per unit of time. It is expressed in liters per minute (L/min) and normalized by division by body surface area in square meters (m ). The resulting quantity is called the cardiac index. Cardiac output is sometimes normalized to body weight, being expressed as mL/min per kilogram. A typical resting value for a wide variety of mammals is 70 mL/min per kg. 

When using the PAS cell illustrated in Figure 2, solids and liquids are simply placed in the sample cup. Spectral analysis of a gaseous compound is performed by filling the PAS cell with the gas. All spectra are normalized by division with a spectrum of carbon black, a procedure that removes spectral variations due to the source, optics, and detector. 

There is assumed to exist a function of x, W(x), known as the strain energy function (per unit undeformed volume), if a is the engineering stress, i.e. the extending force normalized by division by initial cross-sectional area, then W(X) obeys at each X... 

A second kind of product is the scalar product, obtained by multiplying the characters sym-op by sym-op, summing the products over the operations of the group, and normalizing by division by the order of the group (y), the number of sym-ops comprising it. For example ... 

In Fig.2 one can see the lines of the constant granular pressure (normalized by division to atmospheric pressure) for elastic particles of sizes Dp = SO pm. The flow pattern... 

Diffraction of X-rays or neutrons by crystals have provided very rich material on inter-nuclear distances R. If explicit determination of angles is not required, electron diffraction of gaseous molecules, or X-ray and neutron diffraction of vitreous materials, solutions, etc. may many times provide acceptable R values. If one asks for the distribution of distances from a given point in a gas of geometrical points, the density in a shell between R and R -1- dR is jaroportional to 4nR dR = P. This is also valid in actual compounds and alloys for very long R, but not at all for short R. Fig. 1 is a qualitative probability distribution of R values (normalized by division with P) for nuclei of a given element, or for a combination of two definite elements Zj and Zj. Contrary... 

Fig. 1. Typical distribution (normalized by division by 4ttR dR) of the (Zj to Zj) intemuclear distances in the maWold of all compounds containing the two elements characterized by Z, and Zj (or the same element Z, = Z ). The mean value R, for the asymmetric peak is the average bond length . The stippled curve is the statistical average value for long R...

The parameter 6 expresses the value of sab with respect to the arithmetic mean of saa and bbb - It is again normalized by division by Saa -... 

By convention, the spin density pjv, which has units of reciprocal volume, is usually normalized by division by IV Jv(0) to obtain a dimensionless fractional spin density Pn, also usually just called spin density. The number p represents the fraction of unpaired spin on an atom N. A proton hyperflne coupling constant of 142 MHz corresponds to a spin density (pn) of 142/1420 = 0.1 at the proton where 1420 MHz is V iv(0)p. The spin density p may be positive or negative, but = 1 for all spin-f radicals. 

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