Normal noise

In column B compute sin(x), in C deposit normal noise of unit standard deviation and zero mean, and in D calculate sin(x) plus the product of the noise amplitude (in B2) and the noise (in C6 C 117). 

This curve is defined by the minimal detectable level amount of the substance that enters the detector. Usually, this level is accepted as two or three times higher than the magnitude of the normal noise of the detector. The area where the... 

Thus, with the assumption of normal noise f, the MML principle requires the search for a minimum in the product of the squared terms of (f(a) - f ) in Eq. (10). This is the basis for the widely known Least Square Method (LSM). The minimum of the quadratic form (a) corresponds to a point with a zero gradient (a), i.e. to a point where all partial derivatives of (a) are equal to zero ... 

Unlike LSM, Eqs. (20-21) were derived without direct consideration of noise statistics. Nevertheless, Eqs. (20-21) are based on the minimization of quadratic norms of deviations (f(a)- f ) which is formally equivalent to assuming normal noise with unit covariance matrix (i.e. C = I). Thus, Eqs. (20-21) minimize the quadratic forms that have the additional term... 

Thus, the non-negativity of solution is not an established constraint in the theoretical foundation of linear methods. On the other hand, the empirically formulated non-linear methods [Eqs. (55-56)] effectively secure positive and stable solutions. Such a weakness of the rigorous linear methods indicates a possible inadequacy in criteria employed for formulating the optimum solutions. In Section 6 we discuss possible revisions in assumptions employed for accounting for random noise in inversions. For example, it will be shown that by using log-normal noise assumptions the non-negativity constraints can be imposed into inversion in a fashion consistent with the presented approach inasmuch as one considers the solution as a noise optimization procedure. 

To compare with classical dielectric relaxation studies, we have plotted the variation of the normalized noise conductivity ffaona of collagen solution versus the product cdt (t v is the critical time in noise measurements). Figure 14 shows that a very good agreement is obtained... 

FIGURE 14. Normalized noise conductivity of collagen versus at 25°C. The solid line represents the function (1 + The stars are the experimental values of... 

There are many options for modifying a sound source. Analysis of a sound source will determine which options are feasible, practical, and economical. Because many control options are frequency dependent, one must conduct a noise survey of an environment and the sources within it to help define the problem and potential solutions. Normally, noise survey data will give records of total sound level and sound levels for each octave band. 

The three curves for amplifier-limited operation have been calculated assuming typical amplifier normalized noise currents of 0.3,1, and 3 pA/a/Hz for the respective band-widths 1 kHz, I MHz, and I GHz. The applicable value depends upon the specifications of the chosen amplifier. Generally, the best performance is obtained by integrating the amplifier and detector on the chip. Avalanche multiplication can supply pre-amplification current gain and reduce the expected NEP by a factor from 10 to 100. At 1 GHz bandwidth, this can bring performance to within an order of magnitude of photon noise-limited behavior. 

Low-frequency excess electrical noise has been measured on carbon fibers with a wide range of crystalline perfection and corresponding mechanical and electrical properties. The most striking result was the strong dependence of the normalized noise power on the degree of crystalline perfection [199]. 

Varying the flow of a compressible fluid controls the pressure in a large volume. This process is dominated by a single large capacitance with no dead time. The measurement is normally noise free and, owing to its capacitive nature, is characterized by a slow response and a small process gain. As shown for liquid level control, a proportional controller is more than adequate for gas pressure control. 

Does each industrial truck have a warning horn, whistle, gong, or other device which can be clearly heard above the normal noise in the areas where operated ... 

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