NORM naturally occurring radioactive

In the first level of the hierarchy, radioactive waste that arises from operations of the nuclear fuel cycle (i.e., from processing of uranium or thorium ores and production of nuclear fuel, any uses of nuclear reactors, and subsequent utilization of radioactive material used or produced in reactors) is distinguished from radioactive waste that arises from any other source or practice. The latter type of waste is referred to as NARM (naturally occurring and accelerator-produced radioactive material), which includes any radioactive material produced in an accelerator and NORM [naturally occurring radioactive material not subject to regulation under the Atomic Energy Act (AEA)]. 

RRC. (2012). NORM—Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material. Railroad Commission of Texas, Austin (www.rrc.state.tx.us/environmental/publications/norm/index. php). 

NORM Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material. NORM includes some of the primordial nuclides and their daughters and certain nuclides continuously created in the environment. Contrast anthropogenic radiotmclides. 

According to the vendor, the technology can be used to (1) remediate water and sludges contaminated with radionuclides and heavy metals, (2) restore gronndwater from mining operations, (3) treat naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) in water or scale from petroleum operations, and (4) remediate man-made radionuclides stored in tanks, pits, barrels, or other containers. 

In addition to the analysis of artificial radionuclides, mass spectrometry is useful for characterizing naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). NORMs consist of Th and... 

Operations and activities which act to concentrate and redistribute naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) in the environment are numerous and further sources continue to be identified. The following sources have been identified as major contributors ... 

Anthropogenic radioactive contamination of the marine environment has several sources disposal at sea, discharges to the sea, accidental releases and fallout from nuclear weapon tests and nuclear accidents. In addition, discharge of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) from offshore oil and gas production is a considerable source for contamination. 

AR128 Transition from operation to decommissioning of nuclear installations. No. 420, 14 June 2004. AR129 Extent of environmental contamination by naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) and technological options for mitigation. No. 419, 9 January 2004. 

Thus, LLRW is defined more by what it is not than by what it is, that is, LLRW is defined by exclusion. LLRW is radioactive waste that is not HLRW, TRU waste, SNF, or byproduct material (commonly referred to as uranium mill tailings). All of these have separate legal definitions. Naturally occurring radioactive material and technologically enhanced NORM are also defined separately from LLRW but are not currently regulated under federal statute. 

NORM is an internationally adopted acronym for Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material while TENORM stands for Technologically-Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material. 

NORM—Naturally occmring radioactive materials includes naturally occurring uranium-235 and daughter products such as radium and radon. 

Beddow, H., Black, S. Read, D. (2006). Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) from a fonner phosphoric acid processing plant. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 86, 289-312. 

Bull E2 Managennent of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Oil and Gas... 

Due to their thermal, physical, or chemical properties, other materials handled in offshore operations may constitute a safety or environmental hazard if released in an uncontrolled manner. Such substances include steam, hot water, certain chemicals, heat transfer fluids, molten sulphur, and naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). 

Grice, K.J., Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in the oil and gas industry A new challenge. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, 1991, pp. 559-571. 

The luaniiun solubility curves were indicative of moderate solubility, but the activities were too low and it was imcertain how much of the uranium was naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) from the filter matrix and deposited dusts and dirt and how much was from AWE operations. These NORM levels will vary with the batch and type of filter and the environment. This issue will be of much less concern for follow on tests with higher (i.e. 1-5 Bq) uranium activities. 

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