NORM contaminated sites

ANALYTICAL CHALLENGES POSED BY NORM CONTAMINATED SITES... 

Analytical Challenges Posed by Norm Contaminated Sites... 

European Union Directive 98/83 underlines the importance of determining the quality of drinking water in order to protect human health. In particular, a number of chemical compounds are listed, such as benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloroeth-ylene, chloroform, and trihalomethanes, whose concentration in drinking water must be kept under well-defined thresholds. In Italy, laws DL 31/01, DM 152/99, and DM 471/99 set the norms for the concentrations of these, and of many other compounds in drinking water, wastewater, and contaminated sites, respectively. 

Fig. 13 Contamination patterns identified (MCR-ALS resolved loading profiles) in the Ebro River delta from May to August 2005. On the left loadings in the second mode (normalized for variables to unit norm) describing the composition of the contamination patterns. Variable identification in Table 1. On the right loadings in the first and third modes (mixed) describing spatial and temporal distribution of the contamination patterns. Sampling sites ordered from North to South, for the four analyzed months displayed consecutively (May 1-11 June 12-22 July 23-33 August 34 4)...

In the history of the barrier development (Ryser 1989), initially only the site location was considered in the next phase, landfdl liners were added as surface covers and base liners to facilitate leachate collection (during the 1970s). Since the early 1980s, attempts have been made to control reactions inside the landfdl, for example by waste compaction and gas collection. In the early the 1990s, it became evident that in order to effectively minimize landfill emissions, the prior separation of contaminants was necessary. The culmination of this development will be reached, when the inert- and residual landfill will become the norm. 

Environmental remediation and restoration of contaminated nuclear and NORM sites... 

---