Nonzero conductivity

D. Nonzero Conductivity Theory by Bartlett, Harmuth, Vigier, and Roy... 

The effects of the nonzero electric conductivity were further investigated by Roy et al. [20,50-52]. They have shown that the introduction of a nonzero conductivity yields a dispersion relation that results in phase and group velocities depending on a corresponding nonzero photon rest mass, due to a tired-light effect. 

In principle, this nonzero conductivity effect could also be included in the present theory of a nonzero electric field divergence. 

F. Nonzero Conductivity of Maxwell Vacuum and Eenergy-Dependent Speed of Light... 

Several authors [10] studied the propagation of light in a Maxwell vacuum with small nonzero conductivity and complex refractive index. By solving modified Maxwell equations, one can get the frequency-dependent speed of light, which can be associated with nonzero mass of photon. The nonzero rest mass of photon has a long history, and the astrophysical evidence is discussed in this chapter. 

From a completely different perspective, several authors [10] considered the frequency-dependent speed of light. Here, the main idea is that if one assigns a small but nonzero conductivity to Maxwell vacuum, and considers the propagation of photon in such a vacuum, it gives rise to frequency-dependent speed of light and hence a nonzero but finite photon mass. Here, this small conductivity of the vacuum can be realized to the refractive index of the... 

The energy-dependent speed of light is associated with the effect of the medium on the propagation of photon. The fluctuating refractive index of the medium induces this kind of the energy dependence. This kind of the medium has been considered, such as quantum gravity and the Maxwell vacuum with nonzero conductivity. So, it to make distinction between the contributions from standard model predictions as well as from other theories is needed. 

First, the properties of the undoped, intrinsic semiconductor (i.e. the pure semiconductor) must be considered. Although semiconductors have been described as having a filled HOMO (the valence band) and an empty LUMO (the conduction band), this condition is only rigorously true at absolute zero. At any finite, nonzero temperature, thermal excitation within the solid will result in promotion of carriers from one band to the other. This promotion of carriers produces a nonzero conductivity of the semiconductor. This situation is described quantitatively in this section. 

The governing equation to determine the temperature distribution in the tube is the thermal energy equation, (2-110). To solve this equation, we need to know the form of the velocity distribution in the tube. We have already seen that the steady-state velocity profile for an isothermal fluid, far downstream from the entrance to the tube, is the Poiseuille flow solution given by (3-44). In the present problem, however, the temperature must depend on both r and z, and hence the viscosity (which depends on the temperature) will also depend on position. The dependence on z is due to the fact that heat is added for all z > 0, and thus the temperature must continue to increase with the increase of z. The dependence on r is due to the fact that there must be a nonzero conductive heat flux in the fluid at the tube wall to match the prescribed heat flux through the wall, and thus the temperature must have a nonzero r derivative. It follows that the velocity field will generally differ from Poiseuille flow. 

It is an essential feature of the behavior of this field that along with a magnetic field at each point of space, there also is an electric field. One might suspect that if the medium has nonzero conductivity, this field will give rise to a current flow. 

This hypothesis requires a finite, nonzero, conductance in the surface plane of the membrane because the electron, or hole, initially transferred forms a movable excited surface state, i.e., a polariton. This may well give rise to a soliton, given a supply of energy at the proper locale. 

A nonzero conductivity in the ground state can be obtained by reducing the width of the barriers, as originally proposed in [3.60]. Then, the subband states of neighboring wells interact through the evanescent parts... 

For perfect dielectric, the surface charge density is equal to zero, as stated in equation (6.197c). However, with nonzero conductivities and AC fields, it becomes nonzero and in fact time dependent. The time derivative of given by charge conservation and Ohm s law ... 

There are only very few cases in which a decrease in conductivity has been observed over the whole temperature range. Park et al. reported in 1998 a perchlorate doped polyacetylene, which showed a decrease of conductivity with increasing temperature over the whole temperature range for the first time. Hence this sample shows two features of mefallic behavior a nonzero conductivity at T = 0 and a decrease of conducfivify wifh increasing temperature. 

On account of the nonzero conductivities of the homocontacts and the bulk phases the percolation problem is complex, even when the grains are randomly distributed and of the same size. Put in a very simplified manner, we expect and observe that the relevant conduction paths will not only consist of heterocontacts but will be made up of a sequence of homocontacts and heterocontacts. Hence the fraction of heterocontacts (Fig. 5.96 centre) and, thus, both the resistance ratio Rhetero/Rhomo and the capacitance ratio Chomo/Chetero will exhibit maxima roughly at the centre of... 

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