Nonuniformities tilts

Figure 5. Contours of several diffraction maxima the (2,1,3), (1,0,4), and (3,2,2) before (a,c,e) and after (b,d,f) corrections and background removal. Smoothing by cubic splines is performed during contouring. Note the nonuniformity of fiber tilt distribution appears in the corrected maxima.

Under some conditions, vapor velocity maldistribution induced by hydraulic gradient nr tray tilt cam lead to excessive nonuniform weeping (183a Also, see Secs. 6.2.12, 6.2.13). Such excessive weeping can be detrimental to tray efficiency. 

The work by Bussu and Irving also illustrates hardness differences from the crown surface to the root surface of the friction stir weld (Ref 12). During FSW, heat input and heat extraction are nonuniform through the material thickness. That is, the FSW tool generates heat from both the tool shoulder and the tool probe, but the influence of the shoulder is limited in depth, depending on shoulder design, for example, convex or scrolled, shoulder tilt, and applied axial force. In aluminum alloys, the shoulder influence is typically less than 2 mm (0.08 in.) deep (based on microstructural observations). Thus, more heat will be generated near the crown surface than the root. Further, the root surface is adjacent to an anvil, where heat is... 

Poor adhesion and delamination can also result from dispensing insufficient adhesive to cover the entire bond line (Fig. 6.2). Generally, a minimum thickness of 2 mils is required. A visible fillet around two or more sides of an attached die or substrate provides assurance that sufficient adhesive has been used and has spread and covered the bond line. In fact, the appearance and extent of fillet are inspection criteria for the acceptance of high-reliability circuits as defined in MIL-STD-883, Method 2010 for monohthic ICs and Method 2017 for hybrid microcircuits. According to these methods, at least 75% of the fillet should be visible along each side of the device. Applying a uniform thickness is also important. Nonuniform thicknesses result in tilted devices with the potential for cracking and separation. 

Channeling] nonuniform catalyst bed density/low superficial flowrate <1.4 kg/s m /off set, tilted or faulty feed distributor/thermal shock to upstream pipes or equipment causes scale to dislodge and buildup on bed/intemal vessel obstructions such as thermowells or supports. 

Figure 5 Principle of Schlieren optics. (A) Tilting of the light wavefront propagating through the medium with a nonuniform refractive index. (B) Refraction of the light beam passing through the detector cell with the concentration gradient produced by solute.

Also shown in Fig. III.3 is the dependence of the experimental accuracy on the nonuniformity of particle diameter in the dust fractions (curve 1). With Ad/d v = 0.05, the error of the method is 15%. Hence, the tilt-plate method will give accurate results only if the particles are monodisperse. If the particle size varies significantly within the fraction, the method is less accurate, becoming unsuitable in practice for the determination of particle adhesive force for example, with d = 40-60 /rm, we find that Adld y = 0.2 and B = 60%. 

A nonzero tilt of the molecules to the cell surface Oq also results in a nonuniform twisting. In [71], it is suggested that the construction of twist cells with a certain pretilt angle will also eliminate the walls. 

Homeotropic orientation in a spatially nonuniform field was considered in [159] for large values of As/e , It was shown that near the edges of the pixel in a matrix display, based on the homeotropic cell, a reversed tilt occurred which reduced the contrast of the display [170]. 

As depicted in Figure 8.2, eccentrically loaded shallow foundation experiences rotation (a) about the central axes of the contact surface. This rotation occurs as a result of nonuniform settlement along the transverse direction due to nonuniform contact stress caused hy unbalanced moment about the longitudinal central axis of the bottom surface of the foundation. This type of foundation rotation results in the titling of the supported structure. Tilt is defined as... 

The vectors a, b and c are defined with respect to a SmC layer, as shown in Fig. 10(a). The coefficients A describe curvature of the planes, B nonuniform rotations of the optic axis about z in a flat structure, and the C coefficients are coupling terms between A and B, and are shown schematically in Fig. 10(b). All of the temperature dependences of these coefficients may be included in the tilt angle. 

The formula presented in Eq. 3 indicates the threshold voltage at which the director starts to reorient. Gerritsma, DeJeu, and Van Zan-ten 4 have measured the magnetic threshold by both capacitive and optical techniques and found that the capacitive threshold is lower than the optical one. Van Doorn has shown that this difference is to be expected, since the fluid starts to reorient by the tilting of the director toward the applied magnetic field before the twist has appreciably changed. Consequently the capacitive threshold, which occurs when the director starts to tilt toward the applied field, is lower than the optical threshold, which occurs when the twist becomes sufficiently nonuniform that the optical vector of the light does not Tol-low the twist. A similar difference has been observed in twisted nematic devices excited with electric fields. Berreman s explanation of the static characteristics of electric-field-excited devices is similar to that of Van Doorn. ... 

In most cases some misorientation (tilt/twist) is observed for two adjacent wings and additional new dislocations can be formed at the meeting front to accommodate tilt and twist. If such overgrown areas are used for future devices, then the meeting front of two wings needs to be omitted. Such nonuniformity of dislocation distribution in the overgrown layer is a limiting factor for device application. 

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